Nokea
A food chain is a diagram used by biologists to better understand ecosystems.
It represents the interrelationships between different plants and animals. The
energy is derived from the sun and converted into stored energy by plants
through photosynthesis, which travels up the food chain. The energy returns
to the ecosystem after the organisms die and decompose back into the Earth.
This process is an endless cycle.
In food chains, living organisms are grouped into categories called primary
producers and consumers, which come in multiple tiers. For example,
secondary consumers feed on primary consumers, while tertiary consumers
feed on secondary consumers. Apex predators are the animals at the top of the
food chain. They are the highest category consumer in an ecosystem, and apex
predators do not have natural predators.
Which of the following events occurred fourth on the timeline?
- A. Helped found the National Geographic Society
- B. Developed a metal detector
- C. Moved to Canada
- D. Started a school for the deaf
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The event that occurred fourth on the timeline was starting a school for the deaf. Looking at the provided extract, we can see that the order is significant when discussing a timeline. Out of the given events, founding a school for the deaf would come fourth in chronological order. 'Helped found National Geographic Society,' 'Developed a metal detector,' and 'Moved to Canada' would precede starting a school for the deaf in a chronological timeline, making them incorrect choices.
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Last week, we adopted a dog from the local animal shelter, after looking for
our perfect pet for several months. We wanted a dog that was not too old, but
also past the puppy stage, so that training would be less time-intensive and to
give an older animal a home. Robin, as she's called, was a perfect match and
we filled out our application and upon approval, were permitted to bring her
home. Her physical exam and lab work all confirmed she was healthy. We
went to the pet store and bought all sorts of bedding, food, toys, and treats to outfit our house as a dog-friendly and fun place. The shelter told us she liked
dry food only, which is a relief because wet food is expensive and pretty off-
putting. We even got fencing and installed a dog run in the backyard for
Robin to roam unattended. Then we took her to the vet to make sure she was
healthy. Next week, she starts the dog obedience class that we enrolled her in
with a discount coupon from the shelter. It will be a good opportunity to bond
with her and establish commands and dominance. When we took her to the
park the afternoon after we adopted her, it was clear that she is a sociable and
friendly dog, easily playing cohesively with dogs of all sizes and dispositions.
Which event is out of sequence in the story?
- A. Installing the dog run in the backyard.
- B. Enrolling the dog in obedience classes.
- C. The physical exam confirming the dog's health.
- D. The dog's next obedience class.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the story describes the sequence of events after adopting the dog. After bringing Robin home, the sequence includes confirming her health with a physical exam, buying supplies, installing a dog run, and then taking her to the vet. Enrolling her in obedience classes is mentioned to start the following week, making it the next logical step. Therefore, the detail about the dog's next obedience class is not out of sequence. Choices A, B, and C are all in the correct sequence according to the events described in the story.
What outdoorsy, family adventure can you have on a hot, summer day? How about spelunking? If you live in an area that is anywhere near is guided, lit cave, find out the hours of operation and hit the road towards it as soon as you can. Hitch up the double jogging stroller and make your way out into the wilderness, preferably with a guide, and discover the wonders of the cool, dark earth even while it is weltering hot in the outside world. It will be 58 degrees in that cave, and you can explore inside for as long as you please. Best part? The absolutely awesome naps that the kids will take after such an exciting adventure! Be sure to bring the following items: - Bottled water - Light-up tennis shoes if you have them (they look fabulous in the dark) - Flashlights or glow sticks just for fun - Jackets - Changes of clothes in case of getting muddy and/or dirty
Based on the information given, what is spelunking?
- A. exploring inside a cave
- B. an outdoor adventure
- C. walking with a double stroller
- D. a hot, summer day
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The passage describes spelunking as 'hit the road towards it as soon as you can' and 'discover the wonders of the cool, dark earth even while it is weltering hot in the outside world.' This indicates that spelunking involves exploring inside a cave, making option A, 'exploring inside a cave,' the correct answer. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the description of spelunking provided in the passage.
Announcement for all faculty members: It has come to the university's attention that there is crowding in the faculty canteen between the hours of 11 a.m. and 1 p.m., an issue that is due to the increase in staff numbers in several faculty departments. A number of faculty members have complained that hey stood in line so long that they were unable to get lunch, or did not have time to eat lunch. to offset the crowding, the university has polled the various departments about schedules, and has settled on a recommended rooster for when the members of each department should visit the faculty canteen for lunch: - Business Dept: 10:30 a.m. - 11:30 a.m. - Art Dept: 10:45 a.m. - 11:45 a.m. - Math and Science Dept: 12 p.m. - 1 p.m. - Social Sciences Dept: 12:30 p.m. - 1:30 p.m. - Humanities Dept: 1 p.m. - 2 p.m. We ask that all faculty members respect this schedule. Faculty will be expected to display a department badge before entering the canteen for lunch.
Based on the information in the announcement, what might the reader assume about how the university determined the lunch schedule?
- A. The university arranged the schedule alphabetically, according to the name of each department.
- B. The university checked with the departments in advance to make sure faculty members would be amenable to the change.
- C. The university checked to see when the most faculty members from each department would be entering the canteen.
- D. The university was more concerned about crowding in the canteen and simply decided to establish different times for each department.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The announcement states that the university polled the various departments about schedules to determine a recommended roster for each department to visit the canteen for lunch. This indicates that the university checked to see when the most faculty members from each department would be entering the canteen to offset the crowding issue. Therefore, the correct choice is C. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because there is no mention of arranging the schedule alphabetically, checking with departments in advance for agreement, or simply establishing different times without considering faculty members' schedules in the announcement. The university's approach was to tailor the lunch schedule based on each department's peak entry times to manage the crowding problem effectively.
Passage I
Lethal force, or deadly force, is defined as the physical means to cause death or serious harm to another individual. The law holds that lethal force is only accepted when you or another person are in immediate and unavoidable danger of death or severe bodily harm. For example, a person could be beating a weaker person in such a way that they are suffering severe enough trauma that could result in death or serious harm. This would be an instance where lethal force would be acceptable and possibly the only way to save that person from irrevocable damage.
Another example of when to use lethal force would be when someone enters your home with a deadly weapon. The intruder's presence and possession of the weapon indicate mal-intent and the ability to inflict death or severe injury to you and your loved ones. Again, lethal force can be used in this situation. Lethal force can also be applied to prevent the harm of another individual. If a woman is being brutally assaulted and is unable to fend off an attacker, lethal force can be used to defend her as a last-ditch effort. If she is in immediate jeopardy of rape, harm, and/or death, lethal force could be the only response that could effectively deter the assailant.
The key to understanding the concept of lethal force is the term last resort. Deadly force cannot be taken back; it should be used only to prevent severe harm or death. The law does distinguish whether the means of one's self-defense is fully warranted, or if the individual goes out of control in the process. If you continually attack the assailant after they are rendered incapacitated, this would be causing unnecessary harm, and the law can bring charges against you. Likewise, if you kill an attacker unnecessarily after defending yourself, you can be charged with murder. This would move lethal force beyond necessary defense, making it no longer a last resort but rather a use of excessive force.
Passage II
Assault is the unlawful attempt of one person to apply apprehension on another individual by an imminent threat or by initiating offensive contact. Assaults can vary, encompassing physical strikes, threatening body language, and even provocative language. In the case of the latter, even if a hand has not been laid, it is still considered an assault because of its threatening nature.
Let's look at an example: A homeowner is angered because his neighbor blows fallen leaves into his freshly mowed lawn. Irate, the homeowner gestures a fist to his fellow neighbor and threatens to bash his head in for littering on his lawn. The homeowner's physical motions and verbal threat heralds a physical threat against the other neighbor. These factors classify the homeowner's reaction as an assault. If the angry neighbor hits the threatening homeowner in retaliation, that would constitute an assault as well because he physically hit the homeowner.
Assault also centers on the involvement of weapons in a conflict. If someone fires a gun at another person, it could be interpreted as an assault unless the shooter acted in self-defense. If an individual drew a gun or a knife on someone with the intent to harm them, it would be considered assault. However, it's also considered an assault if someone simply aimed a weapon, loaded or not, at another person in a threatening manner.
Based on the passages, what can we infer about the relationship between assault and lethal force?
- A. An act of lethal force always results from a type of assault.
- B. An assault will lead to the use of lethal force by someone.
- C. An assault with deadly intent can lead to an individual using lethal force to preserve their well-being.
- D. If someone uses self-defense in a conflict, it is considered deadly force; if actions or threats are intended, it is classified as assault.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: From the passages provided, it can be inferred that an assault with deadly intent can lead to an individual using lethal force to defend themselves and preserve their well-being. This suggests a relationship between assault with deadly intent and the potential use of lethal force in self-defense situations. Choice A is incorrect because lethal force is not always a direct result of assault, as it depends on the circumstances. Choice B is incorrect as not all assaults lead to the use of lethal force by someone. Choice D is incorrect as the definition of deadly force and assault are distinct, with deadly force typically being used in self-defense situations where there is an immediate threat of severe harm or death.
Samuel teaches at a high school in one of the biggest cities in the United
States. His students come from diverse family backgrounds. Samuel observes
that the best students in his class are from homes where parental supervision
is minimal. The parents of the bottom five students are the most involved, by
a large margin. There are 24 students in his class. Samuel is going to write an
academic paper based on his students' family backgrounds and academic
performance. The paper will argue that parental involvement is not an
important factor in academic success.
What best describes Samuel's sample size?
- A. The sample is biased because it has firsthand experience.
- B. The sample contains too few members to draw meaningful conclusions.
- C. The sample contains too many members to make specific claims.
- D. The sample is unbiased and of appropriate size.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Samuel's sample size of 24 students is too small to draw generalizable conclusions about a larger population. While his observations are based on firsthand experience, the sample size is inadequate to make meaningful claims about the relationship between parental involvement and academic success for all students. Choice A is incorrect because bias is not related to sample size but rather the way data is collected. Choice C is incorrect as having too many members would not hinder understanding specifics, but rather provide a more comprehensive view. Choice D is incorrect as the sample size is too small to be considered appropriately sized for making broad claims.