Nokea
Which of the following factors contributes the most to aging-related cognitive decline?
- A. Chronic stress
- B. Poor nutrition
- C. Social isolation
- D. Lack of physical exercise
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Lack of physical exercise contributes the most to aging-related cognitive decline. Regular physical exercise increases blood flow to the brain, promotes neurogenesis, and enhances cognitive function. It also reduces the risk of developing conditions such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Chronic stress (A) can impact cognitive function, but it is not the primary factor in aging-related decline. Poor nutrition (B) can negatively affect brain health, but exercise has a more significant impact. Social isolation (C) is also detrimental to cognitive health, but physical exercise has been shown to have a more substantial influence on cognitive decline in aging individuals.
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A nurse is caring for a 70 yr old client with pain related to osteoarthritis. The pain is relatively constant. The client is prescribed pharmacological treatment for the pain. In suggesting alternative therapies to the client, the nurse would consider their effectiveness to be:
- A. Less effective in the elderly
- B. Greater when used in conjunction with pharmacological therapy
- C. Of no difference
- D. More effective in the elderly
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Greater when used in conjunction with pharmacological therapy. This is because combining alternative therapies with pharmacological treatment can often provide a synergistic effect, resulting in better pain management outcomes. Alternative therapies such as physical therapy, acupuncture, or mindfulness techniques can complement the effects of medications, leading to improved pain relief. Options A and D are incorrect as age alone does not determine the effectiveness of alternative therapies. Option C is also incorrect as combining therapies can enhance overall pain management strategies.
What is the most common type of vision impairment in older adults?
- A. Cataracts
- B. Glaucoma
- C. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
- D. Diabetic retinopathy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cataracts. Cataracts are the most common type of vision impairment in older adults due to the clouding of the eye's lens. As people age, proteins in the lens can clump together, leading to vision issues. Glaucoma (B) is characterized by damage to the optic nerve, AMD (C) affects the macula in the retina, and diabetic retinopathy (D) is a complication of diabetes affecting blood vessels in the retina. However, cataracts are the primary cause of vision impairment in older adults due to the natural aging process of the eye.
An older adult reports increasing loss of balance. Which teaching should the nurse implement?
- A. Exercise with light weights.
- B. Stand on one foot at a time while supported.
- C. Train with the use of sit-ups.
- D. Work out in a swimming pool.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Stand on one foot at a time while supported. This exercise helps improve balance by challenging the proprioceptive system. By standing on one foot while supported, the older adult can gradually strengthen their muscles and improve their balance. Other choices like exercising with light weights may not specifically target balance, training with sit-ups focuses more on core strength, and working out in a swimming pool may provide buoyancy but may not directly address the balance concern.
The nurse is performing an assessment on an older client. What would indicate a potential complication associated with the skin?
- A. Crusting
- B. Wrinkling
- C. Thinning/loss of elasticity
- D. Crusting
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Crusting. Crusting on the skin of an older client can indicate a potential complication such as an infection or skin condition. It suggests that there may be an issue with the skin's integrity, leading to the formation of crusts. Wrinkling (B) and thinning/loss of elasticity (C) are common age-related changes and not necessarily indicative of a complication. Choice D is a duplicate of choice A, so it is incorrect. In summary, crusting is a sign of a potential skin complication, while the other choices are more likely to be normal age-related changes.
Mandatory retirement at age 65 years is consistent with which theory of aging?
- A. Role theory
- B. Disengagement theory
- C. Age-stratification theory
- D. Social exchange theory
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Disengagement theory. This theory suggests that as people age, they naturally withdraw or disengage from societal roles and responsibilities. Mandatory retirement at age 65 aligns with this theory as it reflects the societal expectation of older individuals stepping back from work roles. Role theory (A) focuses on how individuals adapt to various social roles throughout their lives, not specifically related to retirement. Age-stratification theory (C) emphasizes how age impacts societal structures and opportunities, not retirement policies. Social exchange theory (D) focuses on relationships and interactions based on the exchange of resources, not specifically related to retirement age policies.