Nokea
Which of the following glucocorticoids is an intermediate-acting drug?
- A. Cortisone
- B. Triamcinolone
- C. Butamethasone
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Triamcinolone. Triamcinolone is an intermediate-acting glucocorticoid due to its duration of action, which typically lasts between 12 to 36 hours. Cortisone (A) is a short-acting glucocorticoid, with a duration of action of about 8-12 hours. Betamethasone (C) is a long-acting glucocorticoid, with a duration of action of around 36-54 hours. Choice D is incorrect as not all of the listed glucocorticoids are intermediate-acting.
You may also like to solve these questions
Which of the following physiologic signs is a characteristic of cannabis intoxication?
- A. Bradycardia
- B. Reddening of the conjunctiva
- C. Miosis
- D. Nausea and vomiting
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Reddening of the conjunctiva. Cannabis intoxication often causes redness in the eyes due to vasodilation. This occurs because cannabis can lower blood pressure and increase blood flow to the eyes. This physiologic sign, known as "red eye," is a common characteristic of cannabis intoxication. Bradycardia (A) is not typically associated with cannabis use, as it can actually increase heart rate. Miosis (C) refers to constriction of the pupils, which is more commonly seen with opioid use. Nausea and vomiting (D) are possible side effects of cannabis use, but they are not as specific to cannabis intoxication as redness of the conjunctiva.
The physician prescribes haloperidol (Haldol), a first-generation antipsychotic drug, for a patient with schizophrenia who displays delusions, hallucinations, apathy, and social isolation. Which symptoms should most be monitored to evaluate the expected improvement from this medication?
- A. Talking to himself, belief that others will harm him
- B. Flat affect, avoidance of social activities, poor hygiene
- C. Loss of interest in recreational activities, alogia
- D. Impaired eye contact, needs help to complete tasks
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the symptoms of delusions and hallucinations are classic indicators of psychosis in schizophrenia. Monitoring improvements in these symptoms is crucial to evaluating the effectiveness of the antipsychotic medication. Delusions involve false beliefs, such as the patient talking to himself or believing others will harm him, while hallucinations involve sensory perceptions that are not real. Therefore, monitoring these symptoms will help assess the medication's impact on reducing the patient's psychotic symptoms.
Incorrect choices:
B: Flat affect, avoidance of social activities, poor hygiene - These symptoms are more indicative of negative symptoms of schizophrenia, which may not improve as rapidly or significantly with antipsychotic medication.
C: Loss of interest in recreational activities, alogia - These symptoms are also negative symptoms and may not directly reflect the improvement in psychotic symptoms targeted by haloperidol.
D: Impaired eye contact, needs help to complete tasks - These symptoms are not specific to delusions or hallucinations, which are the primary
Furosemide (Lasix) acts at this nephron site:
- A. Proximal convoluted tubule
- B. Ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle
- C. Distal convoluted tubule
- D. Collecting duct
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle. Furosemide inhibits the Na+/K+/2Cl- symporter in this nephron segment, leading to decreased reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water. This mechanism of action results in increased diuresis. The other choices (A, C, D) represent different nephron segments where Furosemide does not primarily act. In the proximal convoluted tubule (A), it mainly inhibits the Na+/K+/2Cl- symporter, and in the distal convoluted tubule (C) and collecting duct (D), it has minimal impact on sodium reabsorption.
A patient with risk factors for coronary artery disease asks the nurse about the “good cholesterol” laboratory values. The nurse knows that “good cholesterol” refers to which lipids?
- A. Triglycerides
- B. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
- C. Very–low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
- D. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: High-density lipoproteins (HDLs). HDLs are known as "good cholesterol" because they help remove LDL cholesterol from the arteries, reducing the risk of heart disease. High levels of HDL are associated with a lower risk of coronary artery disease. Triglycerides (A), LDLs (B), and VLDLs (C) are not considered "good cholesterol." Triglycerides are a type of fat in the blood that can increase the risk of heart disease when elevated. LDLs are often referred to as "bad cholesterol" as they can lead to plaque buildup in the arteries. VLDLs are another type of lipoprotein that carries triglycerides and can contribute to heart disease risk.
Choose the characteristics of vancomicin:
- A. It is a glycopeptide, inhibits cell wall synthesis active only against Gram-negative bacteria
- B. It is a glycopeptide, that alters permeability of cell membrane and is active against anaerobic bacteria
- C. It is a beta-lactam antibiotic, inhibits cell wall synthesis active only against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. It is a glycopeptide, inhibits cell wall synthesis and is active only against Gram-positive bacteria.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why answer D is correct:
1. Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic known to inhibit cell wall synthesis.
2. It is effective against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.
3. Vancomycin is not active against Gram-negative bacteria due to differences in cell wall structure.
4. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as they provide inaccurate information about vancomycin's characteristics.