Nokea
Which of the following have a fecal oral route of transmission?
- A. Diphtheria
- B. Typhoid fever
- C. Syphilis
- D. Spotted fever
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, meaning the bacteria from an infected person's feces can contaminate food or water and then be ingested by another person. This can lead to infection and illness. The other choices, diphtheria (A), syphilis (C), and spotted fever (D) are not transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Diphtheria is spread through respiratory droplets, syphilis is primarily sexually transmitted, and spotted fever is transmitted through tick bites. Thus, only Typhoid fever aligns with the fecal-oral route of transmission.
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The term used to describe an inflammation of the saclike membrane surrounding the heart is:
- A. peritonitis
- B. pericarditis
- C. myocardial infarction
- D. anemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: pericarditis. Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardium, the sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can cause chest pain, fever, and other symptoms related to the heart. Peritonitis (A) is inflammation of the peritoneum, not the pericardium. Myocardial infarction (C) is a heart attack caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries, not inflammation of the pericardium. Anemia (D) is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, not related to inflammation of the pericardium.
Which type of bacteria can survive in extreme salty environments?
- A. Psychrophiles
- B. Halophiles
- C. Thermophiles
- D. Mesophiles
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Halophiles. Halophiles are bacteria that can survive in extreme salty environments. They have adapted to thrive in high salt concentrations. Psychrophiles (A) thrive in cold temperatures, Thermophiles (C) thrive in high temperatures, and Mesophiles (D) thrive in moderate temperatures. Therefore, they are not adapted to survive in extreme salty environments like Halophiles.
Bacteria that grow best in high temperatures are called:
- A. Mesophiles
- B. Psychrophiles
- C. Thermophiles
- D. Halophiles
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Thermophiles. Thermophiles are bacteria that thrive in high temperatures, typically between 45-80 degrees Celsius. They have adapted to extreme heat environments and have enzymes that function optimally at high temperatures. Mesophiles (A) grow best at moderate temperatures, Psychrophiles (B) thrive in cold temperatures, and Halophiles (D) thrive in high salt concentrations. Therefore, only Thermophiles are specifically adapted to high temperatures, making it the correct choice.
In order to prevent wound infection associated with surgical procedures a patient was given a synthetic antiprotozoan drug with a high activity against Helicobacter pylori. Specify this drug:
- A. Metronidazole
- B. Doxycycline hydrochloride
- C. Chingamin
- D. Acyclovir
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Metronidazole. Metronidazole is a synthetic antiprotozoan drug with high activity against Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium that can cause wound infections. Metronidazole specifically targets anaerobic bacteria like H. pylori, making it effective in preventing wound infections.
Incorrect choices:
B: Doxycycline hydrochloride - Doxycycline is primarily used for bacterial infections, not protozoan infections like H. pylori.
C: Chingamin - Chingamin is not a commonly used drug for treating H. pylori infections or preventing wound infections.
D: Acyclovir - Acyclovir is an antiviral drug used to treat herpes infections, not bacterial or protozoan infections like H. pylori.
A pregnant woman applied to a doctor with complaints typical for toxoplasmosis. The doctor took a sample of her blood. What serological tests should be performed in this case?
- A. Complement binding assay
- B. Precipitation test
- C. Neutralization test
- D. Widal's test
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct serological test for diagnosing toxoplasmosis is the Complement Binding Assay (A) because it detects antibodies specific to the Toxoplasma gondii parasite. This test is highly sensitive and specific for toxoplasmosis.
Choice B, Precipitation test, is not used for toxoplasmosis diagnosis but rather for other diseases like syphilis.
Choice C, Neutralization test, is not specific for toxoplasmosis and is used for other types of infections.
Choice D, Widal's test, is used for diagnosing typhoid fever and is not relevant for toxoplasmosis.
In summary, the correct answer (A) is specific to toxoplasmosis, while the other choices are used for different diseases and are not suitable for diagnosing toxoplasmosis.