Nokea
Which of the following HDL cholesterol levels might warrant regular testing?
- A. 70 or higher
- B. 60
- C. 50
- D. 40
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An HDL cholesterol level of 70 or higher is considered high and beneficial for heart health. Individuals with high HDL levels are usually at lower risk of heart disease. Therefore, a level of 70 or above would warrant regular testing to monitor and maintain heart health. Choices B, C, and D are lower levels of HDL cholesterol, which are not typically considered high enough to warrant regular testing as they may not provide the same level of heart health benefits.
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What is true about caloric intake for the average person?
- A. It should increase with age.
- B. It should decline and then increase with age.
- C. It should decline with age.
- D. It should remain constant over a lifetime.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Caloric intake for the average person typically declines with age due to factors such as changes in metabolism, muscle mass, and physical activity levels. As people age, their metabolism tends to slow down, and they may also experience a decrease in muscle mass and physical activity, leading to a reduced need for calories. Option A is incorrect because caloric intake generally decreases rather than increases with age. Option B is incorrect as it suggests a fluctuation in caloric intake that is not typically seen. Option D is incorrect as caloric needs usually change over a person's lifetime due to various factors.
What is the meaning of exocytosis?
- A. The cell engulfs and brings in substances.
- B. The cell releases content outside by fusing with the plasma membrane.
- C. The cell engulfs liquid material.
- D. The cell brings in solid particles.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Exocytosis is the process by which a cell releases substances to the outside by fusing with the plasma membrane. During exocytosis, vesicles containing molecules fuse with the cell membrane, allowing the release of the contents outside the cell. This process is crucial for the secretion of various substances such as hormones, enzymes, and neurotransmitters. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they describe processes different from exocytosis. Choice A describes endocytosis, where the cell engulfs substances to bring them into the cell. Choice C is more aligned with pinocytosis, the process of engulfing liquid material. Choice D refers to phagocytosis, which is the uptake of solid particles by the cell.
What is the meaning of endocytosis?
- A. The cell engulfs solid particles.
- B. The cell engulfs liquid material.
- C. The cell expels solid particles.
- D. The cell releases liquid material.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Endocytosis is a cellular process where the cell engulfs and internalizes solid particles by forming vesicles. It is a mechanism used for nutrient uptake, cell signaling, and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Options B, C, and D describe processes that are opposite to endocytosis. Choice B is incorrect because it describes pinocytosis, which is the process of engulfing liquid material. Choice C is incorrect as it describes exocytosis, the process of expelling material from the cell. Choice D is incorrect as it describes the process of releasing liquid material from the cell. Therefore, the correct answer is A.
Where do nearly all of the gaseous exchanges between air and blood take place in the lungs?
- A. Pleura
- B. Trachea
- C. Bronchioles
- D. Alveoli
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Nearly all gaseous exchanges between air and blood take place in the alveoli of the lungs. The walls of the alveoli are thin and surrounded by an extensive network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries. Oxygen from the air diffuses through the alveoli walls and into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled out of the body. This process is essential for respiration and providing oxygen to the body's cells. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Pleura is the membrane surrounding the lungs, trachea is the windpipe that carries air to the lungs, and bronchioles are the smaller air passages in the lungs. However, the primary site for gaseous exchange is the alveoli due to their structure and function.
Beriberi is a disease caused by a lack of ___________.
- A. thiamine
- B. vitamin C
- C. niacin
- D. protein
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Beriberi is a disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine, also known as vitamin B1. Thiamine is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system and energy metabolism in the body. Without enough thiamine, individuals may develop symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, nerve damage, and heart problems, which are characteristic of beriberi. Vitamin C (choice B), niacin (choice C), and protein (choice D) deficiencies can cause other health issues but are not directly related to beriberi.