Nokea
Which of the following hormones are responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response?
- A. Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- B. Insulin and glucagon.
- C. Esrtogen and progesterone.
- D. Thyroxin and melatonin.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones are released by the adrenal glands during stressful situations to trigger the 'fight-or-flight' response. They increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy production to prepare the body for action. Insulin and glucagon (B) regulate blood sugar levels. Estrogen and progesterone (C) are female sex hormones. Thyroxin and melatonin (D) are involved in metabolism and sleep regulation, respectively. Therefore, only A directly relates to the physiological response of 'fight-or-flight'.
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Where does the middle thyroid vein drain?
- A. Brachiocephalic vein
- B. External jugular vein
- C. Internal jugular vein
- D. Subclavian vein
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The middle thyroid vein drains into the internal jugular vein due to its anatomical location in the neck. The internal jugular vein receives blood from the brain, face, and neck, making it a suitable drainage site for the thyroid gland. The other options (A, B, D) are incorrect because the brachiocephalic vein drains the upper body, the external jugular vein drains the scalp and face, and the subclavian vein drains the upper extremities, none of which are anatomically linked to the thyroid gland.
Which of the following drugs has muscarinic and nicotinic actions and is resistant to hydrolysis by both true and pseudo cholinesterase:
- A. Acetylcholine
- B. Carbachol
- C. Bethanechol
- D. Succinylcholine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why B (Carbachol) is the correct answer:
1. Carbachol is a cholinergic drug that acts on both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.
2. It is resistant to hydrolysis by both true and pseudo cholinesterase enzymes.
3. Acetylcholine (A) is rapidly hydrolyzed by both cholinesterases.
4. Bethanechol (C) is a muscarinic agonist but not a nicotinic agonist.
5. Succinylcholine (D) is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, not a cholinergic agonist.
Summary:
Carbachol is the only drug among the choices that has both muscarinic and nicotinic actions and is resistant to hydrolysis by cholinesterases. Acetylcholine is rapidly hydrolyzed, Bethanechol does not have nicotinic actions, and Succinyl
Pilocarpine is used in the treatment of:
- A. Heart failure
- B. Bronchial asthma
- C. Urinary obstruction
- D. Glaucoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pilocarpine is a parasympathomimetic agent that stimulates the muscarinic receptors in the eye, causing pupillary constriction and reducing intraocular pressure. This mechanism of action makes it effective in treating glaucoma. Heart failure (A), bronchial asthma (B), and urinary obstruction (C) are not indications for pilocarpine use based on its pharmacological properties and effects.
Propranolol is useful in the treatment of all of the following conditions EXCEPT:
- A. Hypertension
- B. Anxiety
- C. Heart block
- D. Angina of effort
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that slows the heart rate and reduces blood pressure. Heart block refers to a condition where the electrical signals in the heart are delayed or blocked. Propranolol can worsen heart block by further slowing down the heart rate, making it inappropriate for this condition. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
A: Propranolol is used to treat hypertension by reducing blood pressure.
B: Propranolol is effective in managing anxiety symptoms by blocking the physical manifestations of anxiety, such as rapid heart rate.
D: Propranolol is beneficial in treating angina of effort by reducing the workload of the heart and improving blood flow to the heart muscle.
In summary, the other choices (A, B, D) are correct uses of propranolol, making C the exception due to its potential to worsen heart block.
Which sentences are correct?
- A. 1 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 1, 2 and 3
- D. 2 and 3 only
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 1 and 2 only. Sentence 1 and 2 are correct because they are grammatically accurate and logically coherent. Sentence 3 is incorrect as it contains a grammatical error. The key is to analyze each sentence independently to determine its correctness based on grammar, clarity, and logical consistency. In this case, only sentences 1 and 2 meet the criteria, making B the correct choice.