Endocrine System Exam Questions Answers

Endocrine System Exam Questions Answers Related

Review Endocrine System Exam Questions Answers related questions and content

Which gland is considered the most influential endocrine gland?

  • A. Pineal gland
  • B. Pituitary gland
  • C. Thyroid gland
  • D. Adrenal gland
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is considered the most influential endocrine gland because it controls the functions of other endocrine glands by secreting various hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism, and other bodily functions. It is often referred to as the "master gland" due to its crucial role in maintaining hormonal balance and homeostasis in the body.

Rationale:
A: Pineal gland - The pineal gland primarily regulates the sleep-wake cycle through the secretion of melatonin and is not as influential in overall endocrine function as the pituitary gland.
C: Thyroid gland - The thyroid gland regulates metabolism through the production of thyroid hormones, but it does not have the same level of control over other endocrine glands as the pituitary gland.
D: Adrenal gland - The adrenal gland produces hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which are important for stress response and metabolism, but it does not have the same regulatory influence over other

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Identify the growth factor that is released by cancer cells to create a capillary network that aids the cancer growth.

  • A. macrophage colony-stimulating factor
  • B. platelet derived growth factor
  • C. tumor angiogenesis factor
  • D. epidermal growth factor
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, tumor angiogenesis factor. Cancer cells release this growth factor to promote the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) around the tumor, providing a supply of nutrients and oxygen to support their growth. This process is essential for cancer progression.

A: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor is involved in the production and differentiation of macrophages, not in angiogenesis.

B: Platelet-derived growth factor promotes cell growth and division, but it is not specifically responsible for angiogenesis in the context of cancer.

D: Epidermal growth factor is a signaling molecule that promotes cell proliferation and differentiation but is not the primary factor released by cancer cells to induce angiogenesis.

Name the gland that is located at the base of the throat, just inferior to the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple).

  • A. Pituitary.
  • B. Pineal gland.
  • C. Hypothalamus.
  • D. Thyroid.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Thyroid. The thyroid gland is located at the base of the throat, just below the Adam's apple. It is responsible for producing thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and various bodily functions. The pituitary gland (A) is located in the brain, the pineal gland (B) is located in the brain as well, and the hypothalamus (C) is also in the brain. These glands play crucial roles in hormone regulation, but they are not located at the base of the throat like the thyroid gland.

In the adrenal medulla:

  • A. epinephrine is formed by the hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tyrosine
  • B. 10% of the cells are the epinephrine-secreting type
  • C. plasma norepinephrine levels are generally unchanged after adrenalectomy
  • D. catecholamine t1/2 is 10 minutes in the circulation
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale for Choice C: Plasma norepinephrine levels are generally unchanged after adrenalectomy in the adrenal medulla because norepinephrine is mainly produced by postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings rather than the adrenal medulla. Adrenalectomy removes the adrenal gland, which primarily secretes epinephrine, not norepinephrine. Therefore, plasma norepinephrine levels would not be significantly affected by adrenalectomy.

Summary of other choices:
A: Incorrect. Epinephrine is formed from norepinephrine, not tyrosine, through methylation and hydroxylation.
B: Incorrect. The majority of cells in the adrenal medulla are epinephrine-secreting cells, not just 10%.
D: Incorrect. The half-life of catecholamines in the circulation is very short, around 2 minutes, not 10 minutes.

This hormone stimulates osteoclastic activity, causing bone resorption.

  • A. Calcitonin
  • B. Androgen
  • C. PTH
  • D. Thyroxine
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: PTH. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates osteoclastic activity, leading to bone resorption. PTH plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the blood. When calcium levels are low, PTH is released to stimulate the release of calcium from bones through osteoclast activity.

A: Calcitonin actually inhibits osteoclastic activity, promoting bone formation.
B: Androgen is a male sex hormone and does not directly influence bone resorption.
D: Thyroxine is a thyroid hormone that regulates metabolism and does not directly affect bone resorption.

Failure of the pituitary to stop producing growth hormone (GH) after body growth is completed results in .

  • A. kidney failure
  • B. tetany
  • C. gigantism
  • D. acromegaly
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: acromegaly. After body growth is completed, excess GH production can lead to acromegaly, a condition characterized by the enlargement of bones and tissues. This occurs because GH continues to stimulate bone and tissue growth. Kidney failure (A) is not directly related to excess GH production. Tetany (B) is caused by low calcium levels, not excess GH. Gigantism (C) occurs when excess GH is produced during the growth years, leading to abnormal height, not after growth is completed. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it directly correlates with the scenario provided.

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