Nokea
If farmers exposed to 'insecticides' ('irreversible' cholinesterase inhibitors) are given medical kits that contain atropine. Which one of the following effects of the cholinesterase inhibitor will NOT be blocked by the atropine?
- A. Bronchoconstriction / bronchospasm
- B. Increased bladder/urinary tract activity
- C. Increased bowel motility (i.e., diarrhea)
- D. Skeletal muscle overstimulation, eventually leading to skeletal muscle paralysis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Atropine blocks the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors on muscarinic receptors but not on nicotinic receptors, which are responsible for skeletal muscle overstimulation. Atropine can block bronchoconstriction, increased bladder activity, and increased bowel motility as they are mediated by muscarinic receptors. Therefore, the effects on skeletal muscle overstimulation, leading to paralysis, will not be blocked by atropine.
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The person with _____ is most likely to receive insulin therapy.
- A. myxedema
- B. Graves’ disease
- C. diabetes insipidus
- D. hyperglycemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia refers to high blood sugar levels, a hallmark of diabetes mellitus. Insulin therapy is commonly prescribed to individuals with diabetes to help regulate their blood sugar levels. Myxedema (choice A) is associated with hypothyroidism, Graves' disease (choice B) is an autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid, and diabetes insipidus (choice C) involves the kidneys and has no direct relation to insulin therapy for diabetes. Therefore, hyperglycemia is the most appropriate condition for receiving insulin therapy.
Pilocarpine is used in the treatment of:
- A. Heart failure
- B. Bronchial asthma
- C. Urinary obstruction
- D. Glaucoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pilocarpine is a parasympathomimetic agent that stimulates the muscarinic receptors in the eye, causing pupillary constriction and reducing intraocular pressure. This mechanism of action makes it effective in treating glaucoma. Heart failure (A), bronchial asthma (B), and urinary obstruction (C) are not indications for pilocarpine use based on its pharmacological properties and effects.
Glucocorticoids:
- A. convert amino acids into glucose.
- B. burn protein and fat as fuel to increase energy production.
- C. enable other hormones to perform normally.
- D. all is applicable.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because glucocorticoids have multiple functions including converting amino acids into glucose (A), burning protein and fat for energy production (B), and enabling other hormones to perform normally (C). Glucocorticoids regulate metabolism, immune response, and help the body cope with stress. Therefore, all of the choices are applicable in describing the functions of glucocorticoids.
Which of the following is true about the endocrine system compared to the nervous system?
- A. A single hormone can target many different responses, whereas a nerve only targets a single response.
- B. Blood can carry all the same hormones throughout the body simultaneously, producing responses all over the body; nerve cells can only target a small number of cells.
- C. Nerve cells and blood work together. The endocrine has nothing to do with the nervous system.
- D. Endocrine hormones only target a very small number of precise responses.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream, allowing them to reach all parts of the body simultaneously and produce widespread responses. In contrast, the nervous system sends signals through nerve cells, which can only target a small number of specific cells. This difference in distribution and reach of signals is a key distinction between the endocrine and nervous systems.
Choice A is incorrect because a single hormone can indeed target multiple responses in different parts of the body, similar to how a nerve signal can affect multiple cells along its path.
Choice C is incorrect as nerve cells and the endocrine system can interact and influence each other's functions, such as in the case of stress response involving both systems.
Choice D is incorrect because endocrine hormones can have broad effects on various organs and tissues, not limited to a small number of precise responses.
Name the gland that is located at the base of the throat, just inferior to the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple).
- A. Pituitary.
- B. Pineal gland.
- C. Hypothalamus.
- D. Thyroid.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Thyroid. The thyroid gland is located at the base of the throat, just below the Adam's apple. It is responsible for producing thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and various bodily functions. The pituitary gland (A) is located in the brain, the pineal gland (B) is located in the brain as well, and the hypothalamus (C) is also in the brain. These glands play crucial roles in hormone regulation, but they are not located at the base of the throat like the thyroid gland.