Nokea
Which is NOT a high energy compound?
- A. CoA
- B. GGP
- C. ITP
- D. creatine phosphate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B (GGP)
Rationale:
1. CoA, ITP, and creatine phosphate are high-energy compounds involved in various metabolic processes.
2. GGP (guanosine-5'-triphosphate) is primarily a signaling molecule, not a high-energy compound.
3. CoA is involved in acetyl group transfer, ITP in energy transfer, and creatine phosphate in ATP regeneration.
4. GGP is a nucleotide involved in signaling pathways but does not directly participate in energy transfer reactions.
Summary:
- CoA, ITP, and creatine phosphate are high-energy compounds involved in energy transfer.
- GGP is a signaling molecule and not classified as a high-energy compound.
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Identify the growth factor that is released by cancer cells to create a capillary network that aids the cancer growth.
- A. macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- B. platelet derived growth factor
- C. tumor angiogenesis factor
- D. epidermal growth factor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, tumor angiogenesis factor. Cancer cells release this growth factor to promote the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) around the tumor, providing a supply of nutrients and oxygen to support their growth. This process is essential for cancer progression.
A: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor is involved in the production and differentiation of macrophages, not in angiogenesis.
B: Platelet-derived growth factor promotes cell growth and division, but it is not specifically responsible for angiogenesis in the context of cancer.
D: Epidermal growth factor is a signaling molecule that promotes cell proliferation and differentiation but is not the primary factor released by cancer cells to induce angiogenesis.
Two terms that are paired incorrectly are .
- A. cortisol-adrenal cortex
- B. androgens-adrenal cortex
- C. calcitonin-thyroid
- D. corticosteroid-adrenal medulla
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because corticosteroids are produced by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. Cortisol is a type of corticosteroid, making choice A incorrect. Androgens are indeed produced by the adrenal cortex, making choice B correct. Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid, not the adrenal cortex, making choice C incorrect. Therefore, the only pair that is incorrect is corticosteroid and adrenal medulla.
The endocrine gland(s) that makes insulin is the:
- A. pancreas
- B. adrenal glands
- C. thyroid gland
- D. pituitary gland
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: pancreas. The pancreas is responsible for producing insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. It is located near the stomach and plays a crucial role in the endocrine system. The other choices (B: adrenal glands, C: thyroid gland, D: pituitary gland) do not produce insulin. Adrenal glands produce hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, thyroid gland produces hormones like thyroxine, and the pituitary gland produces various hormones that regulate other endocrine glands. Therefore, the pancreas is the only gland among the options that produces insulin, making it the correct answer.
Mineralcorticoids
- A. are produced in the adrenal cortex.
- B. are steroid hormones.
- C. help regulate the homeostasis of sodium and potassium.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: 1. Mineralocorticoids are hormones produced in the adrenal cortex (A).
2. They are steroid hormones (B) that specifically regulate sodium and potassium homeostasis (C).
3. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as mineralocorticoids encompass all these characteristics. Other choices are incorrect as they do not fully encompass the functions and characteristics of mineralocorticoids.
Which organ does not have hormone production?
- A. heart
- B. kidney
- C. liver
- D. skin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: liver. The liver does not produce hormones. Hormones are primarily produced by endocrine glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, etc. The liver's main functions are related to metabolism, detoxification, and storage, rather than hormone production. The heart (choice A) produces hormones like atrial natriuretic peptide. The kidney (choice B) produces hormones like erythropoietin and renin. The skin (choice D) produces hormones like vitamin D when exposed to sunlight. Therefore, the liver is the only organ in the list that does not have hormone production.