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Which of the following is a common complication of untreated gonorrhea or chlamydia infection in women?
- A. Cervical dysplasia
- B. Ectopic pregnancy
- C. Urinary incontinence
- D. Pelvic organ prolapse
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ectopic pregnancy is a common complication of untreated gonorrhea or chlamydia infection in women. This occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the uterus, typically in one of the fallopian tubes. Both gonorrhea and chlamydia can lead to scarring of the fallopian tubes due to untreated inflammation and infection. This scarring may obstruct the fallopian tubes, making it difficult for the fertilized egg to travel to the uterus for implantation. As a result, the egg may implant and grow in the fallopian tube, leading to an ectopic pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancies are dangerous and can result in serious complications for the woman, including rupture of the fallopian tube, internal bleeding, and potentially life-threatening situations. It is crucial to seek prompt treatment for gonorrhea and chlamydia to prevent such severe outcomes.
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A patient presents with gross hematuria, flank pain, and a palpable abdominal mass. Imaging reveals a large heterogeneous renal mass with areas of necrosis and calcifications. Which of the following conditions is most likely?
- A. Renal cell carcinoma
- B. Renal cyst
- C. Renal abscess
- D. Renal angiomyolipoma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The clinical presentation of gross hematuria, flank pain, palpable abdominal mass, along with imaging findings of a large heterogeneous renal mass with necrosis and calcifications are highly suggestive of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. The presence of necrosis and calcifications are characteristic features of RCC. Imaging modalities such as CT scans or MRI can confirm the diagnosis by showing the typical features of RCC, including a solid mass with areas of necrosis and calcifications. It is important to further evaluate this patient, likely with a biopsy, to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disease for appropriate management.
A patient presents with severe headache, blurred vision, and fatigue. Laboratory tests reveal elevated white blood cell count, thrombocytosis, and presence of JAK2 V617F mutation. Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause these findings?
- A. Polycythemia vera
- B. Essential thrombocythemia
- C. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
- D. Myelofibrosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The patient's presentation of severe headache, blurred vision, and fatigue, along with the laboratory findings of elevated white blood cell count, thrombocytosis, and JAK2 V617F mutation, are characteristic of essential thrombocythemia. This is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the clonal proliferation of megakaryocytes, leading to an increased platelet count. The JAK2 V617F mutation is commonly found in essential thrombocythemia and other myeloproliferative disorders. The symptoms of essential thrombocythemia can be related to the increased blood viscosity and risk of thrombosis due to the elevated platelet count. Polycythemia vera would present with elevated red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, along with other features such as pruritus after a hot bath. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML
What drug should the nurse prepare for administration to reverse all signs of toxicity?
- A. Digibind (Digoxin)
- B. Atropine sulfate
- C. Naloxone (Narcan)
- D. Diazepam (Valium)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Naloxone, also known by the brand name Narcan, is used to reverse the effects of opioid overdose. Opioids can cause respiratory depression, sedation, and other signs of toxicity. Administering naloxone can quickly reverse these effects, restoring the patient's breathing and consciousness. This makes it the appropriate choice for reversing all signs of toxicity related to opioids. Digibind (Digoxin) is used to reverse toxicity from digoxin specifically. Atropine sulfate is used for bradycardia. Diazepam (Valium) is a benzodiazepine used for anxiety, seizures, and muscle relaxation, not for reversing toxicity.
A patient with a history of coronary artery disease is scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Which preoperative nursing intervention is essential for preparing the patient for surgery?
- A. Administering aspirin to prevent thrombosis
- B. Providing education about postoperative pain management
- C. Assisting the patient with deep breathing and coughing exercises
- D. Obtaining informed consent for the surgical procedure
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Preoperative nursing intervention that is essential for preparing a patient with a history of coronary artery disease for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is assisting the patient with deep breathing and coughing exercises. These exercises are crucial to prevent postoperative complications such as atelectasis and pneumonia, which are common risks after surgery. Deep breathing exercises help to expand the lungs and improve ventilation, while coughing exercises help to clear secretions and prevent respiratory complications. By assisting the patient with these exercises preoperatively, the nurse can help optimize the patient's respiratory function and decrease the risk of complications during and after surgery. Administering aspirin, providing education about pain management, and obtaining informed consent are also important aspects of preoperative care, but assisting with deep breathing and coughing exercises is particularly essential for patients undergoing CABG surgery due to the increased risk of respiratory complications in this population.
During a surgical procedure, the nurse observes excessive bleeding from the surgical site. What intervention should the nurse prioritize?
- A. Apply pressure to the bleeding site
- B. Administer intravenous fluids rapidly
- C. Notify the surgeon immediately
- D. Request blood products from the blood bank
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Excessive bleeding during a surgical procedure is a critical situation that requires immediate attention. The surgeon should be notified promptly so that appropriate interventions can be initiated to control the bleeding, such as applying pressure, administering hemostatic agents, or performing additional surgical measures. The surgeon is ultimately responsible for addressing the source of bleeding and ensuring the patient's safety during the procedure. It is important for the nurse to communicate effectively and collaborate with the surgical team to manage the situation efficiently and effectively.