Nokea
An adult skeleton had 206 bones. The skeleton has two major divisions: the axil skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton, which consists of 80 bones including the skull, vertebrae, and rib, is located down the center of the body. The axial skeleton protects vital organs such as the brain and heart. The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 ones of the arms, legs, and the bones that attach these bones to the axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton includes the scapulae (shoulder blades), clavicles (collarbones), and pelvic (hip) bones.
Which of the following is a logical conclusion that can be drawn from the information in the passage above?
- A. Victor's long reign provided the opportunity for her to bring balance to England and right the wrongs that had occurred during the reigns of her uncles.
- B. It was the death of Princess Charlotte Augusta that motivated the remaining princes to marry and start families.
- C. The Duke of Kent had hoped for a son but was delighted with his good fortune in producing the surviving heir that his brothers had failed to produce.
- D. King William IV was unreasonably suspicious of the Duchess of Kent's motivations, as she cared only for her daughter's well-being.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The passage mentions that after the death of Princess Charlotte Augusta, the remaining princes considered marrying and starting families since her death left the succession undetermined. Choice A is incorrect because the passage does not provide information about Victoria's reign bringing balance or righting any wrongs during her uncles' reigns. Choice C is incorrect as there is no mention of the Duke of Kent having a preference for a male heir or being disappointed with a female heir. Choice D is incorrect as the passage does not give details about King William IV's suspicions towards the Duchess of Kent or her motivations.
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In 1889, Jerome K. Jerome wrote a humorous account of a boating holiday. Originally intended as a chapter in a serious travel guide, the work became a prime example of a comic novel. Read the passage below, noting the word/words in italics. Answer the question that follows. I felt rather hurt about this at first; it seemed somehow to be a sort of slight. Why hadn't I got housemaid's knee? Why this invidious reservation? After a while, however, less grasping feelings prevailed. I reflected that I had every other known malady in the pharmacology, and I grew less selfish, and determined to do without housemaid's knee. Gout, in its most malignant stage, it would appear, had seized me without my being aware of it; and zymosis I had evidently been suffering with from boyhood. There were no more diseases after zymosis, so I concluded there was nothing else the matter with me. Jerome K. Jerome, Three Men in a Boat
Which definition best fits the word zymosis?
- A. Discontent
- B. An infectious disease
- C. Poverty
- D. Bad luck
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In this passage, the word 'zymosis' is described as a malady that the narrator has been suffering from since boyhood. This aligns with the definition of zymosis as an infectious disease, making option B the correct choice. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the passage clearly indicates that zymosis is a medical condition, not related to feelings of discontent, poverty, or bad luck.
Christopher Columbus is often credited for discovering America. This is
incorrect. First, it is impossible to "discover" something where people already
live; however, Christopher Columbus did explore places in the New World
that were previously untouched by Europe, so the term “explorer†would be
more accurate. Another correction must be made, as well: Christopher
Columbus was not the first European explorer to reach the present day
Americas! Rather, it was Leif Erikson who first came to the New World and
contacted the natives, nearly five hundred years before Christopher
Columbus.
Leif Erikson, the son of Erik the Red (a famous Viking outlaw and explorer in
his own right), was born in either 970 or 980, depending on which historian you seek. His own family, though, did not raise Leif, which was a Viking
tradition. Instead, one of Erik's prisoners taught Leif reading and writing,
languages, sailing, and weaponry. At age 12, Leif was considered a man and
returned to his family. He killed a man during a dispute shortly after his
return, and the council banished the Erikson clan to Greenland.
In 999, Leif left Greenland and traveled to Norway where he would serve as a
guard to King Olaf Tryggvason. It was there that he became a convert to
Christianity. Leif later tried to return home with the intention of taking
supplies and spreading Christianity to Greenland, however his ship was blown
off course and he arrived in a strange new land: present day Newfoundland,
Canada.
When he finally returned to his adopted homeland Greenland, Leif consulted
with a merchant who had also seen the shores of this previously unknown
land we now know as Canada. The son of the legendary Viking explorer then
gathered a crew of 35 men and set sail. Leif became the first European to
touch foot in the New World as he explored present-day Baffin Island and
Labrador, Canada. His crew called the land Vinland since it was plentiful with
grapes.
During their time in present-day Newfoundland, Leif's expedition made
contact with the natives whom they referred to as Skraelings (which translates
to "wretched ones" in Norse). There are several secondhand accounts of their
meetings. Some contemporaries described trade between the peoples. Other
accounts describe clashes where the Skraelings defeated the Viking explorers
with long spears, while still others claim the Vikings dominated the natives.
Regardless of the circumstances, it seems that the Vikings made contact of
some kind. This happened around 1000, nearly five hundred years before
Columbus famously sailed the ocean blue.
Eventually, in 1003, Leif set sail for home and arrived at Greenland with a
ship full of timber.
In 1020, seventeen years later, the legendary Viking died. Many believe that
Leif Erikson should receive more credit for his contributions in exploring the
New World.
Which of the following can be logically inferred from the passage?
- A. The Vikings disliked exploring the New World.
- B. Leif Erikson's banishment led to his exploration of Canada.
- C. Leif Erikson never shared his stories with the King of Norway.
- D. Historians have difficulty pinpointing events in Viking history.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. It can be inferred from the passage that historians have difficulty definitively pinpointing Viking historical events. The passage highlights the uncertainty around Leif Erikson's birth year, conflicting accounts of interactions with natives, and the lack of clarity regarding specific events in Viking history. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. There is no indication in the passage that the Vikings disliked exploring the New World; Leif Erikson's banishment did not directly lead to his exploration of Canada but rather his desire to spread Christianity and find new lands; and there is no mention of Leif Erikson not sharing his stories with the King of Norway.
Eventually, his son King Charles II would be crowned, and this Charles is believed to have converted secretly to the Catholic Church. Charles II died without a legitimate heir, and his brother James ascended to the throne as King James II. James was recognized to be a practicing Catholic, and his commitment to Catholicism would prove to e his downfall. James' wife Mary Beatrice lost a number of children during their infancy, and when she became pregnant again in 1687 the public became concerned. If James had a son, that son would undoubtedly be raised a Catholic, and the English people would not stand for this. Mary gave birth to a son, but the story quickly circulated that the royal child had died and the child named James' heir was a foundling smuggled in. James, his wife, and his infant son were forced to flee; and James' Protestant daughter Mary was crowned the queen. In spite of a strong resemblance to the king, the young James was generally rejected among the English and the Lowland Scots, who referred to him as "the Pretender." But in the Highlands the Catholic princeling was welcomed. He inspired a group known as Jacobites, to reflect the Latin version of his name. His own son Charles, known affectionately as Bonnie Price Charlie, would eventually raise an army and attempt to recapture what he believed to be his throne. The movement was soundly defeated at the Battle of Culloden in 1746, and England and Scotland have remained ostensibly Protestant ever since.
Which of the following best describes the organization of the information in the passage?
- A. cause-effect
- B. chronological sequence
- C. problem-solution
- D. comparison-contrast
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The passage is organized in a chronological sequence, starting from the reign of King Charles II, proceeding to his death without a legitimate heir, the ascension of his brother James II, and the events that followed with the birth of James II's son and the subsequent fleeing of the family. The passage then covers the rejection of the young James as heir, the rise of the Jacobites, and the defeat at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. Each event is presented in the order in which they occurred. The other answer choices are incorrect: cause-effect implies a relationship of events leading to each other, problem-solution focuses on identifying issues and resolving them, and comparison-contrast involves highlighting similarities and differences between subjects, none of which are the primary organizational structure of the passage.
The Dewey Decimal Classes. 000 Computer science, information, and general works 100 Philosophy and psychology 200 Religion 300 Social sciences 400 Languages 500 Science and mathematics 600 Technical and applied science 700 Arts and recreation 800 Literature 900 History, geography, and biography Jorgen is doing a project on the Ancient Greek mathematician and poet Eratosthenes. In his initial review, Jorgen learns that Eratosthenes is considered the first person to calculate the circumference of the earth, and that he is considered the first to describe geography as it is studied today.
To which section of the library should Jorgen go to locate these works?
- A. 100
- B. 200
- C. 700
- D. 800
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Jorgen should go to Section 800 to locate The Iliad and The Odyssey by Homer. These works are literary masterpieces and would be categorized under literature in the library. While sections 100, 200, and 700 cover Philosophy and psychology, Religion, and Arts and recreation respectively, they are not the most suitable sections for finding works of literature like The Iliad and The Odyssey.
Passage I
Lethal force, or deadly force, is defined as the physical means to cause death or serious harm to another individual. The law holds that lethal force is only accepted when you or another person are in immediate and unavoidable danger of death or severe bodily harm. For example, a person could be beating a weaker person in such a way that they are suffering severe enough trauma that could result in death or serious harm. This would be an instance where lethal force would be acceptable and possibly the only way to save that person from irrevocable damage.
Another example of when to use lethal force would be when someone enters your home with a deadly weapon. The intruder's presence and possession of the weapon indicate mal-intent and the ability to inflict death or severe injury to you and your loved ones. Again, lethal force can be used in this situation. Lethal force can also be applied to prevent the harm of another individual. If a woman is being brutally assaulted and is unable to fend off an attacker, lethal force can be used to defend her as a last-ditch effort. If she is in immediate jeopardy of rape, harm, and/or death, lethal force could be the only response that could effectively deter the assailant.
The key to understanding the concept of lethal force is the term last resort. Deadly force cannot be taken back; it should be used only to prevent severe harm or death. The law does distinguish whether the means of one's self-defense is fully warranted, or if the individual goes out of control in the process. If you continually attack the assailant after they are rendered incapacitated, this would be causing unnecessary harm, and the law can bring charges against you. Likewise, if you kill an attacker unnecessarily after defending yourself, you can be charged with murder. This would move lethal force beyond necessary defense, making it no longer a last resort but rather a use of excessive force.
Passage II
Assault is the unlawful attempt of one person to apply apprehension on another individual by an imminent threat or by initiating offensive contact. Assaults can vary, encompassing physical strikes, threatening body language, and even provocative language. In the case of the latter, even if a hand has not been laid, it is still considered an assault because of its threatening nature.
Let's look at an example: A homeowner is angered because his neighbor blows fallen leaves into his freshly mowed lawn. Irate, the homeowner gestures a fist to his fellow neighbor and threatens to bash his head in for littering on his lawn. The homeowner's physical motions and verbal threat heralds a physical threat against the other neighbor. These factors classify the homeowner's reaction as an assault. If the angry neighbor hits the threatening homeowner in retaliation, that would constitute an assault as well because he physically hit the homeowner.
Assault also centers on the involvement of weapons in a conflict. If someone fires a gun at another person, it could be interpreted as an assault unless the shooter acted in self-defense. If an individual drew a gun or a knife on someone with the intent to harm them, it would be considered assault. However, it's also considered an assault if someone simply aimed a weapon, loaded or not, at another person in a threatening manner.
Given the information in the passages, which of the following must be true about assault?
- A. Not all assault is considered an expression of lethal force.
- B. There are various forms of assault.
- C. Smaller, weaker people can commit assault.
- D. Assault can be justified in certain situations.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The passages clearly outline that assault can manifest in different forms, including physical strikes, threatening body language, and provocative language. This variety of actions demonstrates that there are indeed various forms of assault. This choice is correct because it aligns with the information provided in the passages. Choice A is incorrect as the passages differentiate between lethal force and assault, indicating that not all assault involves lethal force. Choice C is incorrect since there are no restrictions mentioned regarding who can commit assault. Choice D is incorrect because the passages do not provide a blanket justification for assault but rather emphasize the unlawful and threatening nature of such actions.