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Which of the following is a potential ethical issue related to maternal request for cesarean delivery?
- A. Autonomy versus beneficence
- B. Allocation of resources
- C. Informed consent
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The ethical issue of autonomy versus beneficence arises when a mother's request for a cesarean delivery conflicts with medical recommendations. Respecting patient autonomy while ensuring beneficence (doing what is best for the patient) can create ethical dilemmas.
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Which stage of labor is characterized by the delivery of the placenta?
- A. First stage
- B. Second stage
- C. Third stage
- D. Fourth stage
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Third stage. This stage is characterized by the delivery of the placenta. It occurs after the baby is born (second stage) and involves the detachment and expulsion of the placenta from the uterus. The first stage is characterized by cervical dilation and effacement, while the fourth stage is the immediate postpartum period. The second stage is focused on the actual birth of the baby. Therefore, the delivery of the placenta specifically occurs in the third stage of labor.
Which of the following is a potential legal issue related to maternal and newborn healthcare?
- A. Informed consent
- B. Medical malpractice
- C. Abandonment
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. In maternal and newborn healthcare, potential legal issues include informed consent, where patients must be fully informed before medical procedures. Medical malpractice can occur if healthcare providers fail to meet the standard of care. Abandonment is a legal issue if healthcare providers neglect patients after agreeing to provide care. Choosing D is correct because all the mentioned issues are relevant to maternal and newborn healthcare legal concerns.
What is the function of the amniotic fluid during fetal development?
- A. To cushion and protect the fetus from trauma
- B. To provide a medium for fetal movement and growth
- C. To regulate fetal temperature
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Amniotic fluid serves multiple functions including cushioning the fetus allowing movement and regulating temperature. These roles are essential for healthy fetal development.
Which of the following is a potential cause of female infertility?
- A. Endometriosis
- B. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
- C. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Endometriosis can cause scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes, hindering conception. PCOS can lead to irregular ovulation or lack of ovulation, affecting fertility. PID can cause damage to the reproductive organs, impacting fertility. Therefore, all three conditions listed can potentially contribute to female infertility. Choices A, B, and C are all incorrect because each condition individually can cause female infertility, making option D the correct choice.
Which of the following is a professional standard for nursing practice in maternal and newborn healthcare?
- A. Education and lifelong learning
- B. Research and scholarship
- C. Collaboration
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Professional standards include education, research, and collaboration.