Nokea
Which of the following is a true statement about critical thinking according to Alfaro-LeFevre (2010)?
- A. It makes judgments based on conjecture.
- B. It is based on the medical model.
- C. It considers only the client's needs.
- D. It is guided by professional standards and codes of ethics.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Critical thinking is guided by professional standards and codes of ethics. It is based on principles of the nursing process and scientific methods. Critical thinking makes judgments based on evidence rather than conjecture. It considers client, family, and community needs.
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Which of the following is the highest level of human need according to Maslow (1968)?
- A. Physiologic
- B. Love and belonging
- C. Esteem and self-esteem
- D. Self-actualization
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The highest level need is self-actualization. The first level of need is physiological needs. Love and belonging are third-level needs. Esteem and self-esteem are fourth-level needs.
A nurse and a student are developing a concept care map for a client with multiple sclerosis. Once finished, what important information can the student glean from the concept map?
- A. Ideas about the client's care and how they are linked and interrelated
- B. A prediction of how effective the client's plan of care will be
- C. Trends and patterns in the client's status over time
- D. A determination of whether the desired outcomes are achieved
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The student can glean important information pertaining to ideas about the client's care and how these ideas are linked and interrelated. A concept map does not predict how effective the client's plan of care will be. That requires the nurse to evaluate the plan's effectiveness. The concept map also does not provide trends and patterns in the client's status over time. That requires the nurse to assess and document those trends. To determine if desired outcomes are achieved, the nurse needs to reassess the client once the plan of care has been implemented.
A client is admitted to the hospital for control of diabetes mellitus. When does the nurse understand the nursing process begins?
- A. When the client enters the healthcare system
- B. Prior to the client being discharged
- C. After the nurse initiates the plan of care
- D. When the health care provider writes the first prescription for care
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The nursing process begins when a client enters the healthcare system. Prior to being discharged, after the plan of care is initiated, and when the healthcare provider writes the first prescription for care all occur after the client is already in the healthcare system.
Which of the following is involved in the implementation step of the nursing process?
- A. Selecting nursing interventions
- B. Documenting nursing care and client responses
- C. Documenting the plan of care
- D. Identifying measurable outcomes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The implementation step in the nursing process involves documenting nursing care and client responses. Planning involves selecting nursing interventions, documenting the plan of care, and identifying measurable outcomes.
A client being cared for by the healthcare team has a large open abdominal wound after having a surgical procedure. The wound had to be reopened due to the development of infection and is left to heal with packing and dressing changes twice daily. What would be an appropriate measurable short-term outcome for this client?
- A. The wound will heal before the client is discharged.
- B. The client will be responsible for changing the dressing twice a day.
- C. The client will have no fever and no purulent discharge in 3 days.
- D. Dressing changes will be done twice a day using aseptic technique.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The client having no fever or purulent discharge in 3 days is a realistic measurable goal. The wound is large and will not heal within the time frame of discharge. It is unrealistic to have an outcome that the client will be able to change a dressing after a surgical procedure. Dressing changes twice a day is a nursing intervention.