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Which of the following is a type of heart valve disease where the aortic valve becomes narrowed, restricting blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body?
- A. Aortic stenosis
- B. Mitral stenosis
- C. Tricuspid regurgitation
- D. Pulmonary hypertension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aortic stenosis. Aortic stenosis is a condition where the aortic valve narrows, impeding blood flow from the heart to the body, leading to symptoms like chest pain and shortness of breath. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Mitral stenosis involves narrowing of the mitral valve, affecting blood flow between the left atrium and ventricle.
C: Tricuspid regurgitation is when the tricuspid valve leaks, causing blood to flow backward into the heart.
D: Pulmonary hypertension is a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs, unrelated to aortic valve narrowing.
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What test uses sound waves to create pictures of the heart, allowing doctors to see how well the heart is functioning?
- A. Echocardiogram
- B. MRI
- C. CT scan
- D. X-ray
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to create images of the heart, providing information on its structure and function. It helps doctors assess the heart's pumping ability, valve function, and overall health. MRI (B) uses magnets and radio waves to create detailed images but does not rely on sound waves. CT scan (C) uses X-rays to produce images and is not specific to the heart. X-ray (D) provides a basic image of the heart but lacks the detail and functionality assessment of an echocardiogram.
What accurately describes the pathophysiology of CAD?
- A. Partial or total occlusion of the coronary artery occurs during the stage of raised fibrous plaque
- B. Endothelial alteration may be caused by chemical irritants such as hyperlipidemia or by tobacco use
- C. Collateral circulation in the coronary circulation is more likely to be present in the young patient with CAD
- D. The leading theory of atherogenesis proposes that infection and fatty dietary intake are the basic underlying causes of atherosclerosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Endothelial damage initiates plaque formation.
During a clinic appointment, a patient states, 'I came in because my calcium score was positive on my CT scan last week.' In which section of the patient assessment does the cardiac-vascular nurse document this finding?
- A. Past medical history.
- B. Personal/social history.
- C. Presenting problem.
- D. Review of symptoms.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The presenting problem section documents the reason for the current visit.
Which artery supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, a portion of the septum, SA node, AV node, and inferior portion of the left ventricle?
- A. Right coronary artery
- B. Left circumflex artery
- C. Posterior descending artery
- D. Aortic artery
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Right coronary artery. This artery supplies the mentioned structures as it branches off from the aorta and follows the coronary sulcus to reach the right side of the heart. It provides blood to the right atrium, right ventricle, part of the septum, SA node, AV node, and inferior left ventricle. The Left circumflex artery (B) mainly supplies the left atrium and lateral part of the left ventricle. The Posterior descending artery (C) typically arises from the right coronary artery and supplies the inferior part of the heart. The Aortic artery (D) is not a specific artery that directly supplies the structures mentioned.
Which medication is used to prevent blood clots by thinning the blood, reducing the risk of stroke and heart attack?
- A. Anticoagulant
- B. ACE inhibitor
- C. Beta-blocker
- D. Calcium channel blocker
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Anticoagulant. Anticoagulants prevent blood clots by thinning the blood, reducing the risk of stroke and heart attack. They work by inhibiting clot formation. ACE inhibitors (B), Beta-blockers (C), and Calcium channel blockers (D) are not used to prevent blood clots. ACE inhibitors are used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure, Beta-blockers are used to treat high blood pressure and heart conditions, and Calcium channel blockers are used to treat high blood pressure and certain heart conditions.