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Which of the following is an example of a secondary prevention strategy to address mental health issues in the community?
- A. Offering counseling services for individuals with mental health disorders
- B. Providing education on stress management techniques
- C. Promoting community-wide mental health awareness campaigns
- D. Screening for early signs of depression and anxiety
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because screening for early signs of depression and anxiety is a secondary prevention strategy aiming to detect mental health issues at an early stage to prevent their progression. It focuses on identifying individuals who may be at risk and intervening before the problem worsens. Offering counseling services (A) is a tertiary prevention strategy for those already diagnosed. Providing stress management education (B) is a primary prevention strategy to prevent mental health issues from developing. Promoting mental health awareness campaigns (C) is also a primary prevention strategy to promote mental well-being in the community but does not specifically target early detection of mental health issues.
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Which of the following is an example of an upstream intervention in public health?
- A. Advocating for policies that limit the availability of junk food in schools
- B. Providing education on the benefits of healthy eating
- C. Offering free nutritional counseling in the community
- D. Providing free fruits and vegetables at local food banks
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because advocating for policies that limit the availability of junk food in schools is an example of an upstream intervention in public health. Upstream interventions focus on preventing health issues at the population level by addressing the root causes. Limiting the availability of junk food in schools addresses the environmental factor contributing to poor dietary habits, therefore promoting healthier choices.
Choices B, C, and D are not examples of upstream interventions as they focus more on individual-level interventions such as education, counseling, and access to healthy foods, rather than addressing the broader societal factors that influence health outcomes.
A nurse is implementing a comprehensive and entertaining educational program. Which action must the nurse complete first?
- A. Be sure all the electronics (such as the computer showing the PowerPoint slides) are working.
- B. Develop an open and trusting relationship with participants.
- C. Distribute evaluation materials to participants.
- D. Greet each participant and welcome him or her to the event.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: At the core of health education is the development of trusting relationships based on nurturing interactions; thus, this action must be completed before completing any other action.
A nurse is trying to determine a client's reading level. Which action should be taken by the nurse?
- A. Ask the client how he or she would rate his or her ability to read.
- B. Ask the client to assess his or her own health literacy and give examples.
- C. Determine the number of years of formal education the client completed.
- D. Use a literacy assessment tool, many of which are in the literature.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Any of the responses might be effective at assessing literacy, but the single question asking how often help might be needed is the fastest and easiest. Nurses are limited in the time available for assessment. One question is easier for a client than a complete assessment tool. Asking about years of education can be dismaying to someone who did not complete many years of formal schooling. Clients may not understand the question when asked to assess their own health literacy.
Which best describes what Knowles says is especially typical of adult learners?
- A. Barriers such as low self-esteem must be ignored when sharing information.
- B. Learning is based on what knowledge will be needed in the future.
- C. Learning draws on the learner's previous life experiences.
- D. They need to know why professionals think this knowledge is important.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Knowles suggests all learners want to know why they need to learn material. Material related to previous life experiences, current developmental tasks, or dealing with current challenges is useful and accepted by adult learners. Material chosen by professionals based on what might happen in the future or that ignores barriers such as lack of resources or low self-esteem will not be retained. Active participation through discussion with others helps involve and motivate adult learners.
Which task is most crucial for the community health nurse to do well?
- A. Review the most recent morbidity and mortality data.
- B. Create a new clinic to better meet local health needs.
- C. Evaluate the results of the recent screening program.
- D. Give testimony regarding proposed state health legislation.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Giving testimony reflects policy development, a core public health function with a broader impact than assessment or local interventions.