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Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?
- A. A child pointed to his father's shoe and said 'daddy,' as if to convey 'daddy's shoe.'
- B. A thirsty toddler said, 'mama water.'
- C. A newborn infant asked, 'Can I have some coffee?'
- D. A baby communicated to her parents using her brain.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Telegraphic speech is when a child uses a two-word phrase to convey a larger meaning, such as 'mama water.' Choice A is incorrect as it does not demonstrate telegraphic speech but rather a simple labeling. Choice C is incorrect as it is a complete sentence and not a two-word phrase. Choice D is also incorrect as it does not describe telegraphic speech but rather a vague statement about communication.
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With which of the following statements would a behaviorist agree?
- A. Conscious experiences can be studied in an objective, precise way.
- B. In order to understand behavior, one must understand the motives behind the behavior.
- C. Behavior can only be explained in terms of phenomenology, that is, an individual's interpretation of experience.
- D. Psychology should be the science of behavior that can be observed by others.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Behaviorists argue that psychology should focus on observable behavior that can be studied objectively. Choice A is incorrect because behaviorists do not typically focus on conscious experiences, as they are not directly observable. Choice B is incorrect because behaviorists emphasize that behavior can be understood without delving into internal motives. Choice C is incorrect as behaviorists do not exclusively explain behavior through an individual's interpretation of experience; they focus on observable actions and reactions.
Dr. Smythe believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary to understand the purpose that taste plays in survival, not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. Dr. Smythe's views are most consistent with?
- A. The behaviorist approach to psychology.
- B. The functionalist approach to psychology.
- C. The structuralist approach to psychology.
- D. The psychoanalytic approach to psychology.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dr. Smythe's belief that understanding the purpose of taste in survival is more critical than focusing on the elementary components aligns with the functionalist approach to psychology. Functionalism emphasizes understanding the purpose or function of mental processes and behavior, rather than just analyzing their individual components. This approach looks at how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment and survive. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not prioritize understanding the purpose of mental processes and behavior in the context of survival.
According to the diathesis-stress model, having a predisposition towards mental illness...
- A. Means that a person will surely develop a mental disorder in the future
- B. Does not affect the chances of developing a mental disorder
- C. Increases the chance that a person would have a mental disorder
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: According to the diathesis-stress model, having a predisposition towards mental illness increases the risk but does not guarantee the development of a mental disorder. Choice A is incorrect as the model does not imply certainty. Choice B is incorrect as having a predisposition does affect the chances. Choice D is incorrect as the model does have an impact on the likelihood of developing a mental disorder.
Which school of psychology is associated with understanding the purpose of behavior?
- A. Functionalism.
- B. Behaviorism.
- C. Neodynamism.
- D. Psychoanalysis.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, Functionalism. Functionalism, founded by William James, emphasizes understanding the purpose and adaptive function of behavior. This school of psychology focuses on how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment. Choice B, Behaviorism, is incorrect as behaviorism emphasizes observable behaviors rather than the purpose behind them. Choice C, Neodynamism, is not a recognized school of psychology. Choice D, Psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud, focuses on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences, not specifically on the purpose of behavior.
In defining a mental disorder, deviance refers to?
- A. Amount of suffering the individual is experiencing due to the mental disorder
- B. Inability of an individual to fulfill a certain role (e.g., work or family obligation)
- C. The capacity of the individual to cause harm to the people around them
- D. The tendency of an individual to display behaviors that are culturally unexpected
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In defining a mental disorder, deviance refers to behavior that is culturally unexpected or violates social norms. This means that the individual displays behaviors that are not typical or acceptable within their specific culture or society. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not directly relate to the concept of deviance in the context of defining a mental disorder. The amount of suffering, inability to fulfill a role, or capacity to cause harm are important considerations in understanding mental disorders but are not specifically related to deviance.