Nokea
Which of the following is critical in terms of triggering a fever response?
- A. an infection
- B. a local widening of blood vessels
- C. activation of the complement system
- D. the resetting of the body's temperature set point in the hypothalamus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat and controls temperature regulation. When the body detects an infection or other triggers, the hypothalamus resets the temperature set point higher, causing a fever response to help fight off the infection. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because while an infection can trigger a fever response, it is the hypothalamus that ultimately controls and initiates the response by resetting the temperature set point, not a local widening of blood vessels or activation of the complement system.
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Patients with gastric ulcer typically exhibit the following symptoms:
- A. Epigastric pain worse after eating and weight loss.
- B. Epigastric pain worse before meals, pain awakening patient from sleep, and melena.
- C. Decreased bowel sounds, rigid abdomen, rebound tenderness, and fever.
- D. Boring epigastric pain radiating to back and left shoulder, bluish-gray discoloration of periumbilical area, and ascites.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Gastric ulcers typically present with epigastric pain that worsens before meals, pain that can wake the patient at night, and melena due to gastrointestinal bleeding.
Which of the following is not a function of saliva:
- A. Helps in articulation.
- B. Helps in swallowing.
- C. Helps in dental caries by increasing acidity of oral cavity.
- D. Kills microorganisms by lysozymes.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because saliva does not help in dental caries by increasing acidity; in fact, saliva helps neutralize acids and remineralize teeth. A: Saliva does help in articulation by lubricating the mouth. B: Saliva helps in swallowing by moistening food. D: Saliva contains lysozymes that kill microorganisms, aiding in oral hygiene.
Diseases that reduce pancreatic enzyme secretions do NOT usually decrease the digestion and absorption of:
- A. Animal proteins
- B. Plant proteins
- C. Plant lipids
- D. Sucrose
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Sucrose. Diseases that reduce pancreatic enzyme secretions typically do not affect the digestion and absorption of sucrose because sucrose is primarily broken down in the small intestine by sucrase, an enzyme produced by the intestinal lining, not the pancreas. Animal proteins (choice A) and plant proteins (choice B) require pancreatic enzymes like trypsin and chymotrypsin for digestion; plant lipids (choice C) require pancreatic lipase for digestion. Therefore, choices A, B, and C would be affected by reduced pancreatic enzyme secretions, unlike sucrose.
A nurse is teaching a client how to do fecal occult blood testing. Which of the following statements by the client indicates a need for further teaching?
- A. I will continue my low-dose aspirin therapy regimen.'
- B. I will refrain from eating raw fruits and vegetables.'
- C. I will avoid steak and other red meats.'
- D. I will continue taking my Coumadin as prescribed.'
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
A: Low-dose aspirin can cause false positive results in fecal occult blood testing due to its effect on gastrointestinal bleeding. Therefore, the client should inform the healthcare provider and consider stopping or adjusting the aspirin therapy during the testing period.
B: Refraining from raw fruits and vegetables is correct as they can interfere with the test results.
C: Avoiding red meats is correct as they can also affect the test results.
D: Continuing Coumadin as prescribed is correct as it does not interfere with fecal occult blood testing.
The colonic microflora can be considered as 'an organ within an organ'. Which of the following statements best describes the functions of the microbiota?
- A. Measurement of daily dietary fibre intake underestimates the amount of fermentable material entering the colon each day
- B. All of the options given are correct
- C. Acetate, propionate and butyrate are the chief organic acids produced by anaerobic colic fermentation
- D. The establishment of an 'acetate buffer' in the colonic lumen suppresses the growth of some pathogenic bacteria.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the colonic microbiota performs multiple essential functions such as aiding in digestion, producing vitamins, regulating immune function, and maintaining gut barrier integrity. Option A is incorrect as it focuses on dietary fiber intake rather than the microbiota's functions. Option C is incorrect because while acetate, propionate, and butyrate are important organic acids produced, they are not the only ones. Option D is incorrect as the microbiota's establishment of an 'acetate buffer' does not necessarily suppress the growth of all pathogenic bacteria.