Nokea
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Encephalitis which refers to infections that cause an inflammation of the brain resulting from the direct infection of the brain by a virus:
- A. irritability.
- B. convulsive seizures.
- C. delirium.
- D. headache.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain typically caused by viral infections. Common symptoms include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and cognitive impairments. While irritability can occur, it is not as specific or common as other symptoms like seizures or delirium. Encephalitis can lead to severe neurological complications if not treated promptly, making early diagnosis and intervention critical.
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Which part of the brain produces the neurotransmitter dopamine?
- A. pons
- B. occipital lobe
- C. substantia nigra
- D. thalamus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The substantia nigra, located in the midbrain, is a key region for dopamine production. Dopamine is essential for regulating movement, and its loss in this area is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease.
Myotome of shoulder abduction?
- A. C5
- B. C5, 6
- C. C5, 6, 7
- D. C6, 7, 8
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Shoulder abduction is primarily controlled by the C5 and C6 nerve roots, which innervate the deltoid and supraspinatus muscles.
Which type of fiber could be considered the longest?
- A. preganglionic parasympathetic
- B. preganglionic sympathetic
- C. postganglionic parasympathetic
- D. postganglionic sympathetic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: preganglionic parasympathetic. Preganglionic fibers are the longest in the autonomic nervous system, with parasympathetic fibers generally having longer preganglionic fibers compared to sympathetic fibers. Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate from the cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord, allowing them to travel longer distances to reach their ganglia. In contrast, sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord, resulting in shorter lengths compared to parasympathetic fibers. Therefore, preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are considered the longest among the given choices. Postganglionic fibers, whether parasympathetic or sympathetic, are shorter as they only need to travel to their target organs from the ganglia.
Summary:
- A: Correct, as preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are the longest in the autonomic nervous system
A 65-year-old patient with PD is experiencing moderate dyskinesias that are bothersome. The patient is on carbidopa/levodopa 25/100 mg two tablets at 7 AM and one tablet at 11 AM, 2 PM, 5 PM, 8 PM, and 11 PM. Which of the following is most appropriate:
- A. Add amantadine.
- B. Add entacapone.
- C. Add rasagiline.
- D. Add pramipexole.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Amantadine is effective in reducing dyskinesias in PD patients by modulating glutamate activity in the brain.
What should the nurse teach the patient recovering from an episode of acute low back pain?
- A. Perform daily exercise as a lifelong routine.
- B. Sit in a chair with the hips higher than the knees.
- C. Avoid occupations in which the use of the body is required.
- D. Sleep on the abdomen or on the back with the legs extended.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Regular exercise strengthens the back muscles.