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Which of the following is NOT a function of the cardiovascular system?
- A. Transporting oxygen to cells
- B. Maintaining blood pressure
- C. Carrying waste products to the kidneys for removal
- D. Initiating the immune response
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting oxygen to cells (A), maintaining blood pressure (B), and carrying waste products to the kidneys for removal (C). Initiating the immune response (D) is not a function of the cardiovascular system. The immune response is primarily carried out by the immune system, which includes organs like the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes. Therefore, option D is the correct answer as it pertains to a function outside the scope of the cardiovascular system, making it the odd one out among the given choices.
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A car is accelerating down a hill. Which of the following forces is NOT acting on the car?
- A. Gravitational force
- B. Normal force from the road
- C. Air resistance
- D. The car's engine force
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When a car is accelerating down a hill, the normal force from the road is not acting on the car. The normal force is the force exerted by a surface to support the weight of an object resting on it. As the car moves downhill, the normal force decreases since the road is no longer pushing back against the car's weight due to the downhill motion. Gravitational force pulls the car downhill, air resistance opposes the car's motion, and the car's engine force propels it forward. Therefore, the correct answer is B, as the normal force from the road is not acting on the car while it accelerates downhill.
What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?
- A. Homologous chromosomes have the same genes but may have different alleles, while sister chromatids are identical copies of the same chromosome.
- B. Homologous chromosomes are only found in diploid cells, while sister chromatids are found in both haploid and diploid cells.
- C. Both homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids are genetically identical, but only sister chromatids separate during mitosis.
- D. Both homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids can separate during mitosis, but only homologous chromosomes have different alleles.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
- Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes in the same order, one from each parent. While they carry the same genes, they may have different alleles (variants of a gene).
- Sister chromatids are exact copies of each other, formed during DNA replication. They are held together by a centromere and are produced during the S phase of the cell cycle.
- During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over, leading to genetic variation. Sister chromatids separate during mitosis to ensure each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the genetic material.
Which of the following substances is NOT typically found in healthy urine?
- A. Urea
- B. Glucose
- C. Creatinine
- D. Electrolytes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glucose is not typically found in healthy urine because the kidneys usually filter glucose from the blood and reabsorb it back into the bloodstream. The presence of glucose in urine, known as glucosuria, is usually indicative of diabetes or other medical conditions affecting glucose regulation. On the other hand, urea, creatinine, and electrolytes are commonly present in healthy urine as byproducts of metabolism and electrolyte balance. Urea is a waste product of protein metabolism, creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism, and electrolytes are essential for various physiological functions in the body. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are typically found in healthy urine, making them incorrect answers.
In endocrine regulation, the feedback loop is a critical concept. In a negative feedback loop, high levels of a hormone can result in:
- A. Further stimulating the release of the same hormone
- B. Inhibiting the release of the hormone or its production
- C. Having no effect on the hormone's regulation
- D. Increasing the need for another hormone entirely
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In a negative feedback loop, high levels of a hormone will inhibit the release of the hormone or its production. This mechanism is crucial for maintaining homeostasis by preventing excessive levels of hormones in the body. When a hormone reaches a certain concentration, it triggers the body to decrease its production or release, thereby ensuring a balance within the system. Choice A is incorrect because a negative feedback loop aims to counteract high hormone levels, not further stimulate them. Choice C is incorrect as high hormone levels do have an effect by triggering the feedback loop. Choice D is incorrect as the negative feedback loop operates within the same hormone system rather than increasing the need for an entirely different hormone.
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating body temperature, hunger, and thirst, and is considered a key player in the endocrine system?
- A. Amygdala
- B. Hippocampus
- C. Hypothalamus
- D. Thalamus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating body temperature, hunger, and thirst, making it a vital component in maintaining homeostasis. It also plays a crucial role in the endocrine system by controlling the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. The amygdala primarily processes emotions, the hippocampus is associated with memory formation, and the thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information. Therefore, the hypothalamus is the correct answer as it directly regulates the physiological processes mentioned in the question.