Nokea
Which of the following is not a side effect of dopamine agonists?
- A. Drowsiness
- B. Nausea
- C. Impulse control disorder
- D. Livedo reticularis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Livedo reticularis is not a side effect of dopamine agonists. Common side effects include drowsiness, nausea, and impulse control disorders.
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Certain metabolic diseases can affect the nervous system. For instance, people with diabetes can develop a nervous system problem called diabetic neuropathy. What are the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy?
- A. Constipation or diarrhea
- B. Rapid heart beat
- C. Pain in feet
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Diabetic neuropathy can cause a wide range of symptoms, including gastrointestinal issues like constipation or diarrhea, cardiovascular symptoms like rapid heart rate, and sensory symptoms like pain in the feet. This condition results from nerve damage due to high blood sugar levels. Recognizing these symptoms is essential for managing diabetes-related complications.
A nurse assesses a patient diagnosed with functional neurological (conversion) disorder. Which comment is most likely from this patient?
- A. Since my father died, I've been short of breath and had sharp pains that go down my left arm, but I think it's just indigestion.
- B. I have daily problems with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. My skin is very dry and I think I'm getting seriously dehydrated.
- C. Sexual intercourse is painful. I pretend as if I'm asleep so I can avoid it. I think it's starting to cause problems with my marriage.
- D. I get choked very easily and have trouble swallowing when I eat. I think I might have cancer of the esophagus.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The correct answer is A because the patient's symptoms (shortness of breath and left arm pains) do not have a clear medical explanation, indicating a functional neurological disorder.
2. The patient attributing symptoms to indigestion suggests a psychological rather than physical origin.
3. Choices B, C, and D describe physical symptoms with potential organic causes, not typically associated with conversion disorder.
4. B is more indicative of gastrointestinal issues, C of sexual dysfunction, and D of possible esophageal pathology, making them less likely in a conversion disorder context.
Nerve impulses are carried to another part of the body by a neuron's (nerve cell):
- A. dendrites
- B. axon
- C. neuron cell body
- D. synapse
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The axon is the part of a neuron responsible for carrying nerve impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands. It is a long, slender projection that conducts electrical signals, known as action potentials, to the axon terminals. At the terminals, the signal triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse, facilitating communication with the next neuron or target cell. The axon is essential for transmitting information across the nervous system.
What is a consequence related to rigidity?
- A. Shuffling gait
- B. Impaired handwriting
- C. Lack of postural stability
- D. Muscle soreness and pain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rigidity contributes to a shuffling gait in Parkinson's disease
The ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
- A. Enters the face via the inferior orbital fissure
- B. Supplies sympathetic fibres to constrictor papillae muscles
- C. Supplies sensation to the forehead and upper eyelid, excluding the orbit
- D. Gives five branches, two of which contain sympathetic as well as sensory fibres
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The ophthalmic division (V1) of the trigeminal nerve gives five branches, including the lacrimal and frontal nerves, which supply sensation to the forehead and upper eyelid. It does not control eye movement.