Nokea
Which of the following is NOT an early warning symptom of hypoglycaemia?
- A. Tremors
- B. Palpitations
- C. Diaphoresis
- D. Giddiness, drowsiness
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hypo's early buzz tremors, palpitations, sweat, anxiety screams adrenaline, waking patients to act. Giddiness and drowsiness lag, hitting as brain sugar drops, a later neuroglycopenic fade, not the first alarm. Clinicians teach this split, pushing quick carbs at the front signs, a chronic drill to dodge the haze.
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What is the cut-off of blood pressure for the diagnosis of hypertension that is recommended by MOH Clinical Practice Guideline?
- A. 120/70 mmHg
- B. 125/75 mmHg
- C. 130/70 mmHg
- D. 140/90 mmHg
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: MOH guidelines hold hypertension at 140/90 mmHg, a conventional cutoff balancing sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis in primary care, aligning with global norms like WHO. Lower thresholds 120/70, 125/75, 130/70, 135/80 catch prehypertension or align with newer AHA standards, but MOH sticks to 140/90 for actionable clarity, triggering treatment to curb stroke or heart risks. This higher bar avoids overdiagnosis in resource-stretched settings, ensuring focus on clear disease, a practical call for managing chronic vascular load.
A client with cancer is admitted to a short-term rehabilitation facility. The nurse prepares to administer the client's oral chemotherapy medications. What action by the nurse is most appropriate?
- A. Crush the medications if the client cannot swallow them.
- B. Give one medication at a time with a full glass of water.
- C. No special precautions are needed for these medications.
- D. Wear personal protective equipment when handling the medications.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Oral chemotherapy drugs, like their IV counterparts, are hazardous due to their cytotoxic properties, posing risks to healthcare workers through skin contact or inhalation during handling. The most appropriate action is for the nurse to wear personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, to minimize exposure, aligning with oncology safety standards. Crushing these medications is contraindicated, as it increases the risk of aerosolizing toxic particles, endangering both nurse and client many are labeled do not crush.' Giving one at a time with water isn't necessary unless specified and doesn't address safety. Assuming no precautions are needed ignores the drugs' hazardous nature, risking occupational exposure. Using PPE ensures safe administration, protects the nurse's health, and maintains the medication's integrity, reflecting best practices in cancer care where handling precautions are non-negotiable.
On a population level, differences can be observed between the body composition of people with and people without a disturbed glucose tolerance. Question: Which of the following options describes the body composition of overweight people with a disturbed glucose tolerance compared to that of healthy people without overweight?
- A. More adipose tissue and similar muscle mass
- B. More adipose tissue and less muscle mass
- C. More adipose tissue and more muscle mass
- D. More adipose tissue and less muscle mass, including a change in the ratio of different types of muscle fibres
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glucose tolerance tanks overweight pile fat, lose muscle, not same or more, no fibre shift specifics. Nurses see this, a chronic lean loss.
The pathophysiology of Asthma differs from COPD as:
- A. It is characterised by airflow limitation.
- B. There is abnormal inflammatory response to exposure to noxious particles or gases.
- C. The airflow limitation is reversible.
- D. It is considered an obstructive lung disease.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Asthma and COPD both feature airflow obstruction, but their pathophysiology diverges critically. Both have limitation, but asthma's is intermittent and reversible with bronchodilators due to bronchial hyperresponsiveness and inflammation (e.g., eosinophilic), per Farrell (2017). COPD's abnormal inflammatory response to noxious stimuli (e.g., smoking) causes progressive, irreversible damage (e.g., neutrophilic, emphysema), not asthma's profile. Reversibility defines asthma spirometry normalizes post-treatment unlike COPD's fixed obstruction (FEVâ‚/FVC <0.7 persists). Both are obstructive diseases, but this isn't the distinguishing feature. Asthma's reversible limitation stems from smooth muscle spasm and mucosal edema, responsive to therapy, contrasting COPD's structural loss (alveolar destruction), making this the key differential in clinical management and prognosis.
Why are endothelial cells in particular sensitive to the damage caused by high plasma glucose levels?
- A. Endothelial cells have a high metabolic activity
- B. Endothelial cells cannot regulate the glucose uptake
- C. Endothelial cells have a low level of antioxidants
- D. All statements provided above are correct
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Endothelial cells drown in glucose no uptake brakes, high sugar slams them, not just metabolism or low shields. A chronic vessel weak spot nurses watch this sugar soak.