Nokea
Which of the following is NOT an early warning symptom of hypoglycaemia?
- A. Giddiness, drowsiness
- B. Anxiety
- C. Tremors
- D. Diaphoresis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Early hypoglycemia symptoms from low blood glucose (<70 mg/dL) include anxiety, tremors, diaphoresis, and palpitations adrenergic responses signaling the body's counter-regulatory effort. Giddiness and drowsiness, while possible, are neuroglycopenic symptoms appearing later as brain glucose drops further, not early warnings. Recognizing early signs allows timely intervention (e.g., glucose intake), critical in diabetes management to prevent severe outcomes like confusion or seizures. Physicians must teach patients these distinctions for effective self-care in chronic conditions.
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A nurse is caring for a client who has heart failure and a prescription for digoxin. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an adverse effect of the medication?
- A. I've had a backache for several days
- B. I feel nauseated and have no appetite
- C. I can walk a mile a day
- D. I am urinating more frequently
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Digoxin's tightrope nausea and anorexia flag toxicity, a common adverse hit as levels climb, risking arrhythmias. Backache's vague, walking's a win, urination's unrelated. Nurses catch this, checking levels, a red light in this heart-boosting med's dance.
Which of the following medications are appropriate for the treatment of heart failure?
- A. Digoxin
- B. Bronchodilators
- C. Antibiotics
- D. Diuretics
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Heart failure's fluid overload and pump inefficiency need diuretics they offload excess volume, easing dyspnea and edema, a cornerstone of treatment. Digoxin boosts contractility, useful in some cases, but diuretics directly tackle the hallmark issue. Bronchodilators aid breathing in lung disease, not heart failure's core. Antibiotics fight infection, irrelevant here. Diuretics' rapid impact on preload makes them essential, aligning with guideline-directed therapy, a nurse's focus for symptom relief and stability in heart failure management, outranking adjuncts like digoxin in immediate need.
A nurse reviews the arterial blood gas (ABG) values of a client admitted with end-stage kidney disease; pH 7.26; PaCO2 37 mm Hg; PaO2 94 mm Hg and HCO3 15 mEq/L. What do these values indicate?
- A. Metabolic acidosis
- B. Metabolic alkalosis
- C. Respiratory acidosis
- D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: End-stage kidney disease hampers acid excretion pH 7.26 (below 7.35) and HCO3 15 mEq/L (below 22) confirm metabolic acidosis, as kidneys fail to buffer, dropping bicarbonate. PaCO2 37 mm Hg (normal) rules out respiratory issues lungs aren't compensating yet. PaO2 94 mm Hg shows oxygenation's fine. Alkalosis options contradict low pH; respiratory acidosis needs high CO2. Nurses recognize this acid-base shift, anticipating bicarbonate or dialysis, a key intervention in renal failure's metabolic chaos.
Which organism can not be detected by antigen testing of CSF, serum or urine?
- A. cryptococcus neoformans
- B. TB
- C. Ecoli
- D. Hemophilus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: TB hides from antigen tests slow grower, no quick CSF, serum, or urine markers like cryptococcus' capsular catch, E. coli's bits, Haemophilus' caps, or Group B strep's flags. Nurses lean on culture or PCR here, a chronic stealth bug dodging rapid nets.
A nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with polycythemia vera. Which of the following should the nurse include in the client and family education?
- A. Resume normal activity
- B. Wear support hose while awake
- C. Decrease fluid intake to no more than 1 liter per day
- D. Diet high in vitamin K intake
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Polycythemia vera thickens blood, slowing venous return support hose boost circulation, cutting clot risk, a practical teaching point for clients and families. Normal activity's fine but misses prevention. Less fluid thickens blood further, dangerous here; high vitamin K aids clotting, counterproductive. Nurses push hose use, easing symptoms like swelling, a key strategy in managing this hyperviscous state.