Nokea
Which of the following is NOT an early warning symptom of hypoglycaemia?
- A. Tremors
- B. Palpitations
- C. Diaphoresis
- D. Giddiness, drowsiness
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hypo's early buzz tremors, palpitations, sweat, anxiety screams adrenaline, waking patients to act. Giddiness and drowsiness lag, hitting as brain sugar drops, a later neuroglycopenic fade, not the first alarm. Clinicians teach this split, pushing quick carbs at the front signs, a chronic drill to dodge the haze.
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The nurse is reviewing laboratory values for a client. Which of the following lab values should the nurse address immediately?
- A. Potassium 5.9 mmol/L
- B. Phosphorus 5.1 mg/dL
- C. Creatinine 6.2 mg/dL
- D. Sodium 147 mEq/L
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Potassium 5.9 mmol/L above 5.5 sparks hyperkalemia, risking arrhythmias, a now-or-never fix over phosphorus's mild bump (3.0-4.5 normal). Creatinine's renal cry waits; sodium's high but tolerable. Nurses jump on potassium, anticipating ECG or kayexalate, a heart-stopping lab in this urgent sweep.
Strategies to overcome barriers and challenges faced in insulin therapy include the following EXCEPT:
- A. Close supervision for the patient's first jab
- B. Threaten patient into adherence with insulin therapy
- C. Engage patient from the start
- D. Offer the least painful options currently available in the market
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Insulin wins guide first shots, engage early, ease pain, set sharp goals; threats flop, breed resentment. Nurses coach this chronic game, not bully.
Which condition assessed by the nurse would be an early warning sign of childhood cancer?
- A. Difficulty swallowing
- B. Frequent cough or hoarseness
- C. Change in bowel and bladder habits
- D. Swellings, lumps or masses anywhere on the body
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Childhood cancers often present with subtle, non-specific signs, but swellings, lumps, or masses anywhere on the body are a key early warning, indicating possible tumors like leukemia (lymphadenopathy), Wilms tumor, or sarcomas. Nurses must assess these palpable abnormalities, as they prompt urgent diagnostic workup imaging or biopsy to catch cancer early when treatment is most effective. Difficulty swallowing might suggest esophageal or brain tumors but isn't a common early childhood cancer sign. Frequent cough or hoarseness could indicate adult cancers (e.g., lung) or late-stage disease, not typical pediatric onset. Bowel and bladder changes are more adult-specific (e.g., colorectal cancer) or late effects in children. Lumps' prominence in pediatric guidelines underscores their priority, aligning with nursing's role in early detection to improve survival rates in young patients.
During a routine health examination, a 40-yr-old patient tells the nurse about a family history of colon cancer. Which action should the nurse take next?
- A. Obtain more information about the family history.
- B. Schedule a sigmoidoscopy to provide baseline data.
- C. Teach the patient about the need for a colonoscopy at age 50.
- D. Teach the patient how to do home testing for fecal occult blood.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Family history of colon cancer flags risk first step's digging deeper: who, when, how many cases? That shapes if it's sporadic or hereditary (e.g., Lynch syndrome), guiding screening timing. Jumping to sigmoidoscopy or fecal tests skips assessment too soon without details. Colonoscopy at 50's standard, but family history might bump it earlier (e.g., 40 or 10 years before kin's diagnosis). Nurses in oncology start here, gathering intel to tailor prevention, not rushing tools that might miss the mark without context.
The pathophysiology of Asthma differs from COPD as:
- A. It is characterised by airflow limitation.
- B. There is abnormal inflammatory response to exposure to noxious particles or gases.
- C. The airflow limitation is reversible.
- D. It is considered an obstructive lung disease.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Asthma and COPD both feature airflow obstruction, but their pathophysiology diverges critically. Both have limitation, but asthma's is intermittent and reversible with bronchodilators due to bronchial hyperresponsiveness and inflammation (e.g., eosinophilic), per Farrell (2017). COPD's abnormal inflammatory response to noxious stimuli (e.g., smoking) causes progressive, irreversible damage (e.g., neutrophilic, emphysema), not asthma's profile. Reversibility defines asthma spirometry normalizes post-treatment unlike COPD's fixed obstruction (FEVâ‚/FVC <0.7 persists). Both are obstructive diseases, but this isn't the distinguishing feature. Asthma's reversible limitation stems from smooth muscle spasm and mucosal edema, responsive to therapy, contrasting COPD's structural loss (alveolar destruction), making this the key differential in clinical management and prognosis.