Nokea
Which of the following is not hypoglicemic mechanism of action of metformin?
- A. Enhance insulin release by pancreatic beta cells
- B. Increase cell permeability of glucose and utilisation
- C. Decrease gluconeogenesis
- D. Interfere carbohydrate absorption in the gut
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Metformin does not enhance insulin release; it improves insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic glucose production.
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Mechanisms of transmembrane signaling are the following EXCEPT:
- A. Transmembrane receptors that bind and stimulate a protein tyrosine kinase
- B. Gene replacement by the introduction of a therapeutic gene to correct a genetic effect
- C. Ligand-gated ion channels that can be induced to open or close by binding a ligand
- D. Transmembrane receptor protein that stimulates a GTP-binding signal transducer protein (G-protein) which in turn generates an intracellular second messenger
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Gene replacement is a therapeutic strategy, not a signaling mechanism.
L-Dopa is
- A. Converted to methyl dopa in the body
- B. Antagonised by riboflavine
- C. Antagonized by nicotinic acid
- D. Combined with carbidopa for enhanced effect
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Carbidopa enhances L-Dopa's effect by preventing peripheral breakdown.
What is medication reconciliation?
- A. Comparing the patient's current medication orders to all of the medications actually being taken
- B. The administration of high alert medications that have been ordered on admission to an acute care facility
- C. The completion of an incident report following a variance that resulted in a serious complication
- D. A printout of computerized patient data that identifies the times that all of the ordered medications are to be administered
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Medication reconciliation is the process of comparing a patient's current medication orders to all of the medications that the patient is actually taking. Administering high alert medications and completing an incident report are not the same as medication reconciliation. A printout of computerized patient data that identifies the times that all of the ordered medications are to be administered is a description of the medication administration record (MAR), not a description of medication reconciliation.
After teaching a group of nursing students about pharmacokinetics, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the students identify which of the following as the first phase?
- A. Metabolism
- B. Absorption
- C. Distribution
- D. Excretion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pharmacokinetics refers to the transportation activity of drugs in the body after administration. The first component is absorption. This is followed by distribution, metabolism, and finally excretion.
Drugs which increase GABA levels in brain
- A. Diazepam
- B. Phenobarbitone
- C. Sodium valproate
- D. Carbamazepine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sodium valproate increases GABA levels.