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Which of the following is not part of the axial skeletal system?
- A. the skull
- B. the ribs
- C. the breastbone
- D. the radius
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, the radius. The axial skeleton comprises bones located along the central axis of the body. It includes the skull, ribs, breastbone (sternum), vertebrae, and sacrum. The radius, on the other hand, is a bone of the forearm, part of the appendicular skeleton. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs and their girdles, not the central axial bones.
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What is the function of the coronary artery?
- A. It carries oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
- B. It carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
- C. It distributes blood to the body.
- D. It supplies blood to the heart muscle.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'It supplies blood to the heart muscle.' The coronary artery's main function is to supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, ensuring that the heart receives the necessary nutrients and oxygen it needs to function properly. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the coronary artery specifically delivers oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, not deoxygenated blood to the lungs or blood to the rest of the body.
Which is an anterior feature of the human head?
- A. The nose
- B. The ears
- C. The occipital lobe
- D. The temporal lobe
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The nose is an anterior feature of the human head, located in the frontal part of the face. It plays a vital role in the respiratory system by allowing air to enter and exit the body. Additionally, the nose contains olfactory receptors that enable the sense of smell. The ears, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe are not anterior features of the human head. The ears are located on the sides, the occipital lobe is at the back of the head, and the temporal lobe is on the sides and base of the cerebral cortex.
The skull is positioned ________ to the spinal cord.
- A. anterior
- B. posterior
- C. lateral
- D. superior
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. The skull is superior to the spinal cord, meaning it is located above the spinal cord in anatomical position. Superior in anatomy refers to a structure being positioned higher or above another structure in the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they refer to different directional relationships. Anterior means in front of, posterior means behind, and lateral means to the side. In this case, the relationship between the skull and the spinal cord is based on a superior-inferior orientation.
If an impulse is traveling from a sense receptor toward the spinal cord, it is traveling along what type of neuron?
- A. Motor neuron
- B. Sensory neuron
- C. Interneuron
- D. Bipolar neuron
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sensory neuron. A sensory neuron is responsible for carrying impulses from sensory receptors to the spinal cord. These neurons transmit information about external stimuli from the periphery to the central nervous system for processing and response. Choice A, Motor neuron, is incorrect as motor neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, enabling movement and secretion. Choice C, Interneuron, is incorrect as interneurons act as connectors between sensory and motor neurons, primarily facilitating communication between the two. Choice D, Bipolar neuron, is incorrect as bipolar neurons are specialized sensory neurons found in some sensory organs like the retina of the eye and the olfactory epithelium.
What are the chemical messengers that control growth, differentiation, and metabolism of specific target cells called?
- A. Hormones
- B. Neurons
- C. Glands
- D. Second messengers
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hormones are signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms. They travel through the bloodstream to specific target cells where they regulate various physiological processes, including growth, differentiation, and metabolism. Neurons (choice B) are nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses and are not responsible for controlling growth, differentiation, or metabolism. Glands (choice C) produce and release hormones but are not the chemical messengers themselves. Second messengers (choice D) are molecules involved in intracellular signal transduction, not the primary chemical messengers controlling growth, differentiation, and metabolism. Therefore, hormones (choice A) are the correct answer as they match the description provided in the question.