Nokea
Which of the following is the best dietary advice to maximize the immune function in healthy people?
- A. To include immune-enhancing formulas.
- B. To avoid polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- C. To increase intake of essential fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids.
- D. To follow a balanced and varied diet.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A balanced and varied diet ensures the intake of all necessary nutrients that support optimal immune function.
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Which of the following cells are 'professional' antigen presenting cells
- A. Neutrophils, dendritic cells, B cells
- B. B cells, T cells, dendritic cells
- C. Macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells
- D. Neutrophils, epithelial cells, dendritic cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells. Professional antigen-presenting cells are specialized immune cells that effectively present antigens to T cells. Macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells are considered professional APCs because they express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and co-stimulatory molecules, allowing them to effectively activate T cells. Neutrophils and epithelial cells are not considered professional APCs as they have limited ability to present antigens to T cells. B cells and T cells are not APCs themselves, but B cells can act as APCs when they present antigens to T cells in the context of an immune response.
Which of the following statements concerned with multiple sclerosis (MS) is correct?
- A. Genetic factors seem to play a role in predisposition to develop MS
- B. Predisposition to develop MS does not seem to have an environmental component
- C. MS is more common in Central and South America than in North America
- D. The disease seems to be mediated primarily by autoantibodies
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: Option A is correct because genetic factors have been identified as playing a role in predisposition to develop MS. Studies have shown a higher risk among individuals with family history. Option B is incorrect because environmental factors, such as vitamin D levels and viral infections, are known to influence MS development. Option C is incorrect as MS is more prevalent in North America and Europe. Option D is incorrect because MS is primarily mediated by T-cell responses, not autoantibodies.
A patient with a pH of 7.29 has metabolic acidosis. Which value is useful in determining whether the cause of the acidosis is an acid gain or a bicarbonate loss?
- A. PaCO2
- B. Anion gap
- C. Serum Na+ level
- D. Bicarbonate level
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Bicarbonate levels help differentiate between acid gain (low bicarbonate) and bicarbonate loss (normal or high anion gap).
What is the primary effector cell in delayed-type hypersensitivity?
- A. Mast cells
- B. T cells
- C. Neutrophils
- D. B cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The primary effector cell in delayed-type hypersensitivity is T cells. T cells play a crucial role in initiating and orchestrating the immune response in delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Upon exposure to the antigen, T cells are activated and release cytokines that recruit and activate macrophages, leading to the inflammatory response characteristic of delayed-type hypersensitivity. Mast cells are involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE. Neutrophils are primarily involved in acute inflammation and combating bacterial infections. B cells are responsible for antibody production in humoral immunity, not in delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Therefore, the correct answer is B: T cells.
the characteristic of blood types AB is
- A. a general receptor
- B. a general donor
- C. a receptor and donor
- D. neither donating nor receptor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: a general receptor. Blood type AB individuals have both A and B antigens on their red blood cells, making them universal recipients since they can receive blood from all blood types without rejection. This is because they have no antibodies against A or B antigens. The other choices are incorrect because blood type AB individuals cannot be universal donors (choice B) as they have both A and B antigens, not making them suitable for all recipients. They are not both a receptor and donor (choice C) as they can only receive blood from all types, not donate to all. Lastly, they are not neither donating nor a receptor (choice D) since they can receive blood from all types, making them a receptor.