Basic Immune System Quizlet

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Lymphokines are protein substances produced in small amounts by lymphocytes and move from cell to cell carrying message through the immune system. The most common lymphokine is:

  • A. Vaccine
  • B. Antigen
  • C. Antibody
  • D. Interferon
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (D - Interferon):
1. Lymphokines are protein substances produced by lymphocytes.
2. Interferon is a type of lymphokine produced by lymphocytes during viral infections.
3. It helps in regulating the immune response and inhibiting viral replication.
4. Interferon moves from cell to cell carrying messages through the immune system.

Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: Vaccine - Not a lymphokine, but a substance used to stimulate the immune system.
B: Antigen - Not a lymphokine, but a substance that triggers an immune response.
C: Antibody - Not a lymphokine, but a protein produced by the immune system to neutralize pathogens.

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Adding adjuvants in Flu vaccines, such as AS03 used in Canada in the 2009 H1N1 vaccine is thought to

  • A. Induce danger signals
  • B. Generally boost the innate immune response
  • C. Create a slower release of antigen (antigen depot)
  • D. All of the above is correct
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Adjuvants like AS03 induce danger signals by activating innate immunity, enhancing the response to the vaccine.
Step 2: Adjuvants generally boost the innate immune response by increasing antigen presentation and cytokine production.
Step 3: Adjuvants create a slower release of antigen, forming an antigen depot which prolongs immune stimulation.
Summary: Choice D is correct because adjuvants like AS03 do induce danger signals, boost the innate immune response, and create a slower release of antigen, leading to enhanced vaccine efficacy. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not encompass all the effects of adjuvants in flu vaccines.

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis typically have pain:

  • A. With activity.
  • B. Upon awakening.
  • C. Late in the evening.
  • D. All day without remission.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis often causes morning stiffness and pain upon awakening due to inflammation and lack of movement during sleep. Pain tends to improve with activity as joints warm up.

Which of the following molecular interactions mediate signal 2 during activation of naïve T cells

  • A. L-Selectin/PNAD
  • B. CD4/MHC II or CD8/MHC I
  • C. TCR/MHC I or TCR/MHC II
  • D. TCR/CD3
Correct Answer: E

Rationale: I'm sorry, but there seems to be a mistake in the question as the correct answer is not listed among the choices provided. Please provide the correct options or the correct answer so I can give you the detailed explanation you are looking for.

Which enzyme catalyzes the addition of deoxynucleotides to the 3'OH ends of DNA molecules?

  • A. Phosphohydrolase
  • B. T4 DNA ligase
  • C. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
  • D. DNA endonuclease
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). TdT catalyzes the addition of deoxynucleotides to the 3'OH ends of DNA molecules. It does so by adding nucleotides in a template-independent manner, making it crucial for generating diversity in immune cell receptor genes.

A: Phosphohydrolase - This enzyme is not involved in adding deoxynucleotides to DNA ends.
B: T4 DNA ligase - This enzyme catalyzes the joining of DNA fragments, not the addition of deoxynucleotides.
D: DNA endonuclease - This enzyme cleaves DNA internally, not involved in adding deoxynucleotides to DNA ends.

Which part of the antibody determines its physiological effects?

  • A. Fab fragment
  • B. Fc fragment
  • C. Variable region
  • D. Antigen-binding site
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Fc fragment. The Fc fragment of an antibody determines its physiological effects by interacting with immune cells and other effector molecules. It mediates processes like opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The Fab fragment (A) contains the antigen-binding site but does not directly influence physiological effects. The variable region (C) is part of both the Fab and Fc portions and contributes to antigen specificity but does not solely determine physiological effects. The antigen-binding site (D) is located within the Fab portion and is responsible for binding to specific antigens, not for exerting physiological effects.

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