Nokea
Protective immunity against Leishmania is best in individuals that make a:
- A. Strong antibody response
- B. Response that activates macrophages
- C. Response that activates mast cells
- D. Strong anti-bacterial response
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Response that activates macrophages. Macrophages play a crucial role in controlling Leishmania infection by phagocytizing the parasites. Activating macrophages enhances their ability to kill the intracellular parasites, leading to effective immunity. Antibodies (choice A) are not as effective against intracellular pathogens like Leishmania. Mast cells (choice C) are primarily involved in allergic reactions, not protective immunity against parasites. Anti-bacterial response (choice D) is not directly relevant to combating Leishmania, an intracellular parasite.
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What is the medical term for the breakdown of red blood cells?
- A. Leukocytosis
- B. Thrombocytosis
- C. Hemolysis
- D. Anemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hemolysis. Hemolysis is the medical term for the breakdown of red blood cells. This process releases hemoglobin and other components into the bloodstream. Leukocytosis (A) is an increase in white blood cells, thrombocytosis (B) is an increase in platelets, and anemia (D) is a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin levels. In this context, hemolysis specifically refers to the breakdown of red blood cells, making it the correct answer.
When a B cell undergoes class switching it allows the cell to:
- A. Differentiate into a memory cell
- B. Make two or more antibody classes at the same time
- C. Stop making one class of antibody and begin to make another
- D. Receive costimulatory signals from any T helper cell subset
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Class switching in B cells involves changing the class of antibody produced.
2. This allows the B cell to stop making one class of antibody and start making another.
3. This process enhances the immune response by generating antibodies with different functions.
4. Differentiating into a memory cell (choice A) is a separate process from class switching.
5. Making two or more antibody classes simultaneously (choice B) is not a characteristic of class switching.
6. Costimulatory signals from T helper cells (choice D) are important for B cell activation but not directly related to class switching.
Identify the disease in which the person's immune system no longer recognizes its own tissues or organs.
- A. Allergies
- B. Immunodeficiencies
- C. Autoimmune diseases
- D. Delayed hypersensitivity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Autoimmune diseases. This is because autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues or organs. In this condition, the immune system fails to recognize self from non-self, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.
A: Allergies involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances, not attacking self-tissues.
B: Immunodeficiencies result in a weakened immune system, making it less effective at fighting infections, not attacking self-tissues.
D: Delayed hypersensitivity is a type of immune response that occurs hours to days after exposure to an allergen, not involving the immune system attacking self-tissues.
In summary, autoimmune diseases are characterized by the immune system targeting the body's own tissues or organs, distinguishing them from allergies, immunodeficiencies, and delayed hypersensitivity.
Which part of the antibody determines its physiological effects?
- A. Fab fragment
- B. Fc fragment
- C. Variable region
- D. Antigen-binding site
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Fc fragment. The Fc fragment of an antibody determines its physiological effects by interacting with immune cells and other effector molecules. It mediates processes like opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The Fab fragment (A) contains the antigen-binding site but does not directly influence physiological effects. The variable region (C) is part of both the Fab and Fc portions and contributes to antigen specificity but does not solely determine physiological effects. The antigen-binding site (D) is located within the Fab portion and is responsible for binding to specific antigens, not for exerting physiological effects.
When assessing a client with autoimmune disorder,what signs should the nurse look for in the client?
- A. Hypotension
- B. Localized inflammation
- C. Hives or rashes
- D. Cramping and vomiting
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Localized inflammation is a common sign of autoimmune disorders,as the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues.