Nokea
Which of the following is the primary sign of breast cancer?
- A. A bloody discharge from the nipple
- B. A dimpling of the skin over the lesion
- C. A retraction of the nipple
- D. A painless mass in the breast
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A painless mass is often the first noticeable sign of breast cancer.
You may also like to solve these questions
Spermatogenesis:
- A. occurs in several stages;
- B. includes stages of meiosis I;
- C. includes stages of meiosis II;
- D. it is stimulated by the FSH;
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Spermatogenesis is a complex process involving several stages such as mitosis, meiosis, and maturation. It starts with the division of spermatogonia through mitosis, followed by meiosis I and II to form haploid spermatids. These spermatids then undergo maturation to become spermatozoa. Therefore, spermatogenesis occurs in several stages, making choice A the correct answer.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B: While spermatogenesis does involve meiosis, it includes both meiosis I and II, not just meiosis I.
C: Spermatogenesis includes both meiosis I and II, not just meiosis II.
D: Spermatogenesis is primarily regulated by hormones such as testosterone and LH, not FSH.
Your 22 year old female patient is c/o severe burning with urination, fever of 101, and aching all over. She takes oral contraceptives. She reports one new partner within the last month. Palpation of the inguinal nodes reveals bilateral lymphadenopathy. There are more than 10 shallow ulcers along each side of the vulva. She is very tender at the introitus. Urine has some WBCs but no RBCs or bacteria. Which disorder of the vulva is most likely?
- A. Genital herpes
- B. Condylomata acuminata
- C. Syphilitic chancre
- D. Epidermoid cyst
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Genital herpes. The patient's symptoms of severe burning with urination, fever, aching, new sexual partner, bilateral lymphadenopathy, multiple shallow ulcers along the vulva, tenderness at the introitus, and absence of RBCs or bacteria in urine are all consistent with genital herpes. Genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and presents with painful vesicular lesions in the genital area. The presence of ulcers and lymphadenopathy points towards an infectious etiology. Condylomata acuminata (choice B) presents as genital warts caused by HPV, which typically do not cause ulcers. Syphilitic chancre (choice C) presents as a painless ulcer with a firm base, not multiple ulcers. Epidermoid cyst (choice D) presents as a benign skin lesion, not with the symptoms described.
Regarding the function of placenta
- A. The foetal blood is separated from maternal body by placenta barrier which is composed of 4 layers.
- B. The placental barrier allows the passage of IgG antibodies.
- C. Progesterone induces preterm labour
- D. Rate of oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion depends on pressure gradient
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: The placental barrier is semi-permeable, allowing small molecules like oxygen and nutrients to pass but blocking larger molecules like antibodies.
Step 2: IgG antibodies are the only type that can cross the placenta through active transport mechanisms.
Step 3: This transfer provides passive immunity to the fetus.
Step 4: Options A, C, and D are incorrect as the placenta has 4 main layers, progesterone does not induce preterm labor, and gas diffusion depends on concentration gradients, not pressure gradients.
The inner lining of the vagina is _____ epithelium.
- A. simple cuboidal
- B. simple columnar
- C. mucous
- D. stratified squamous
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: stratified squamous epithelium. This type of epithelium is found in the vagina to provide protection against abrasion and infection due to its multiple layers of cells. The stratified nature allows for wear and tear resistance. Simple cuboidal and columnar epithelia are not ideal for this function due to their single layer structure. Mucous epithelium is not a recognized epithelial type.
Why is rupturing of the hymen not considered a confirmation of loss of virginity?
- A. Because the hymen is not affected by any sexual activity
- B. Because the hymen can be perforated during physical activity, insertion of a tampon, or pelvic examination.
- C. Because the hymen is ruptured the first time a person urinates.
- D. Because the hymen is very delicate and may be ruptured even when running or doing strenuous exercises.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The hymen can be perforated by various non-sexual activities, making it an unreliable indicator of virginity.