Nokea
Which of the following lymphoid tissues has both hematopoietic and immune functions and acts as an emergency reservoir of blood and filters the blood as well?
- A. Tonsils and adenoids
- B. Thymus gland
- C. Spleen
- D. Lymph nodes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The spleen has both hematopoietic and immune functions acting as a blood filter and reservoir and plays a key role in removing old or damaged red blood cells.
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A patient’s documentation indicates he has a stage III pressure ulcer on his right hip. What should the nurse expect to find on assessment of the patient’s right hip?
- A. Exposed bone, tendon, or muscle
- B. An abrasion, blister, or shallow crater
- C. Deep crater through subcutaneous tissue to fascia
- D. Persistent redness (or bluish color in darker skin tones)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Stage III pressure ulcers penetrate through all layers of the skin but do not expose underlying structures such as bone or muscle.
The release of IL-8 at an infection site specifically induces
- A. Increase of adhesion molecules on local endothelial cells
- B. Local recruitment of neutrophils
- C. Systemic effects, including fever
- D. Increase of acute-phase proteins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because IL-8 is a chemokine that specifically functions to recruit neutrophils to the site of infection. Neutrophils are crucial for fighting off pathogens. A: Increase of adhesion molecules on local endothelial cells is not directly induced by IL-8. C: Systemic effects, including fever, are typically mediated by other cytokines like IL-1 and IL-6. D: Increase of acute-phase proteins is not the primary role of IL-8 in the immune response.
Which of the following is correct about lectin receptors?
- A. They recognize microbial carbohydrates
- B. They are expressed on phagocytes
- C. They can be classified as pattern recognition receptors
- D. All of the above is correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D - All of the above. Lectin receptors recognize microbial carbohydrates, are expressed on phagocytes, and can be classified as pattern recognition receptors. Lectins are proteins that bind specifically to certain carbohydrates, allowing them to recognize and interact with pathogens. Phagocytes express lectin receptors to help identify and engulf pathogens. Additionally, lectin receptors are considered pattern recognition receptors because they recognize specific patterns or structures commonly found on pathogens. Therefore, all three statements are true, making option D the correct answer.
Patients with septic shock are treated, among other drugs, with activated protein C. The purpose of this treatment is to
- A. Dampen the cytokine storm
- B. Raise the blood pressure
- C. Resolve DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
- D. Boost the immune response
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Resolve DIC. Activated protein C is used in septic shock to address the coagulopathy associated with DIC, a common complication. Activated protein C inhibits clotting factors and promotes fibrinolysis, helping to restore normal coagulation function. This treatment does not directly dampen the cytokine storm (choice A), raise blood pressure (choice B), or boost the immune response (choice D) in septic shock patients. It specifically targets the coagulation abnormalities seen in DIC, making choice C the most appropriate answer.
Which of the following is NOT true with respect to T cell development?
- A. It establishes MHC restriction of the T cell repertoire
- B. It takes place in the thymus
- C. Thymic dendritic cells are involved
- D. It only occurs after the naïve T cell has been activated by antigen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because T cell development starts in the thymus while the naïve T cell activation by antigen occurs outside of the thymus. T cell development involves positive and negative selection, establishing MHC restriction, and interaction with thymic dendritic cells for maturation. Naïve T cells are activated by antigens in the periphery, not during T cell development in the thymus. Therefore, D is the correct answer as it does not align with the process of T cell development.