Cardiovascular Pharmacology Drug Class

Cardiovascular Pharmacology Drug Class Related

Review Cardiovascular Pharmacology Drug Class related questions and content

Which of the following mediators is found mainly in long descending pathways from the midbrain to the dorsal horn?

  • A. Prostaglandin E
  • B. Dynorphin
  • C. Enkephalin
  • D. Glutamate
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dynorphin. Dynorphin is mainly found in long descending pathways from the midbrain to the dorsal horn. It acts as an endogenous opioid peptide that modulates pain perception. Prostaglandin E, Enkephalin, and Glutamate are not primarily found in these pathways. Prostaglandin E is involved in inflammation and fever, Enkephalin acts as an endogenous opioid peptide in pain modulation, and Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Thus, B is the correct choice based on its specific localization in the described pathways.

You may also like to solve these questions

Which of the following benzodiazepines is used mainly for hypnosis?

  • A. Clonozepam
  • B. Lorazepam
  • C. Flurazepam
  • D. Midazolam
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Flurazepam. Flurazepam is a benzodiazepine commonly used for its sedative-hypnotic properties, making it ideal for treating insomnia and inducing sleep. Clonazepam (A) is mainly used for seizure disorders and panic disorder. Lorazepam (B) is primarily used for anxiety and agitation. Midazolam (D) is commonly used for sedation before medical procedures. Therefore, Flurazepam is the most appropriate choice for hypnosis among the options provided.

Which of the following local anesthetics is an useful antiarrhythmic agent?

  • A. Cocaine
  • B. Lidocaine
  • C. Bupivacaine
  • D. Ropivacaine
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Lidocaine. Lidocaine is a Class Ib antiarrhythmic agent that stabilizes cell membranes by blocking sodium channels, reducing excitability and conduction velocity in cardiac tissue. It is commonly used to treat ventricular arrhythmias. Cocaine (A) is a local anesthetic but not typically used as an antiarrhythmic. Bupivacaine (C) and Ropivacaine (D) are long-acting local anesthetics and are not commonly used as antiarrhythmics due to their mechanism of action.

Side effect of cyclosporine A is:

  • A. Diarrhea
  • B. Headache
  • C. GI disturbance
  • D. Immunosuppression
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: GI disturbance. Cyclosporine A is known to cause gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances as a common side effect, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. This is due to its impact on the digestive system. Choice A (Diarrhea) is too specific and not the most common side effect. Choice B (Headache) is not a typical side effect of cyclosporine A. Choice D (Immunosuppression) is the intended therapeutic effect of cyclosporine A, not a side effect. Therefore, C is the correct choice based on the common side effects associated with cyclosporine A.

Choose the drug which has a direct effect on platelet membrane to inhibit aggregation, release reaction and to improve platelet survival in extra-corporeal circulation

  • A. Dipyridamole
  • B. Ticlopidine
  • C. Aspirin
  • D. Sulfinpyrazone
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Ticlopidine acts directly on the platelet membrane by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation and release reactions, and it improves platelet survival in extracorporeal circulation, unlike the other options which have different primary mechanisms.

Unwanted effect of plicamycin (formerly mithramycin) is:

  • A. Diarrhea
  • B. Myelosuppression
  • C. Nephrolithiasis
  • D. Metastatic calcifications
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Plicamycin inhibits RNA synthesis in cancer cells, leading to myelosuppression.
Step 2: Myelosuppression results in decreased production of blood cells, causing anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia.
Step 3: Diarrhea is not a common adverse effect of plicamycin.
Step 4: Nephrolithiasis and metastatic calcifications are not directly associated with plicamycin use.