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Which of the following minerals is important for bone health and is stored in bones by the skeletal system?
- A. Iron
- B. Sodium
- C. Calcium
- D. Magnesium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is Calcium (Choice C). Calcium is essential for bone health and is stored in bones by the skeletal system. Bones act as a reservoir for calcium, playing a critical role in maintaining bone strength and density. Iron, sodium, and magnesium are important for various bodily functions but are not primarily stored in bones for bone health. Iron is crucial for oxygen transport, sodium helps regulate fluid balance, and magnesium is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions in the body.
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What is the strongest evidence for evolution?
- A. The fossil record
- B. Comparative anatomy
- C. Biogeography
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A) The fossil record provides evidence of how organisms have changed over time, showing transitional forms and the progression of species.
B) Comparative anatomy involves studying the similarities and differences in the structures of different species, which can reveal common ancestry and evolutionary relationships.
C) Biogeography examines the distribution of species around the world, which can be explained by evolution and continental drift.
By considering all of the above evidence together, scientists can build a comprehensive understanding of evolution and how species have changed and diversified over time.
Which of the following is NOT a method of sterilization?
- A. Autoclave
- B. UV light
- C. Chemical disinfectants
- D. Boiling water
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A) Autoclave: An autoclave is a method of sterilization that uses high pressure and steam to kill microorganisms, making it an effective way to sterilize equipment and materials.\nB) UV light: UV light is a method of sterilization that damages the DNA of microorganisms, preventing them from reproducing and causing infections.\nC) Chemical disinfectants: Chemical disinfectants are used to kill or inactivate microorganisms on surfaces, but they may not always achieve sterilization, which is the complete destruction of all microorganisms.\nD) Boiling water: Boiling water is a method of disinfection rather than sterilization. While boiling water can kill many microorganisms, it may not be effective against all types of bacteria, viruses, and spores, making it unsuitable for achieving sterilization.\n\nTherefore, the correct answer is D) Boiling water, as it is not a method of sterilization.
Which hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates the growth and development of bones, muscles, and organs?
- A. Growth hormone (GH)
- B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- C. Prolactin
- D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is Growth hormone (GH). GH, produced by the pituitary gland, is responsible for stimulating the growth and development of bones, muscles, and organs. It plays a critical role in regulating growth during childhood and adolescence by promoting cell division, protein synthesis, and tissue growth. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) functions to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones, while prolactin is involved in milk production. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is primarily responsible for reproductive functions like egg development in females and sperm production in males.
What is the name of the cartilage flap that covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the airway?
- A. Epiglottis
- B. Glottis
- C. Larynx
- D. Pharynx
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epiglottis. The epiglottis is a cartilage flap located at the base of the tongue that covers the trachea during swallowing. Its primary function is to prevent food and liquids from entering the airway and instead directs them towards the esophagus. The glottis (choice B) refers to the space between the vocal cords in the larynx. The larynx (choice C) is the voice box containing the vocal cords responsible for phonation. The pharynx (choice D) is the throat region connecting the mouth and the esophagus, playing a role in both digestion and respiration.
Which type of symbiosis benefits both organisms from the interaction?
- A. Mutualism
- B. Commensalism
- C. Parasitism
- D. Predation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Mutualism.' Mutualism is a type of symbiosis where both organisms involved benefit from the interaction. This relationship is characterized by cooperation and mutual support, leading to advantages for both parties. In mutualistic relationships, each organism provides something that the other needs, resulting in a mutually beneficial outcome. In contrast, 'Commensalism' (choice B) involves one organism benefiting while the other is unaffected, 'Parasitism' (choice C) benefits one organism at the expense of the other, and 'Predation' (choice D) benefits the predator while harming the prey. Examples of mutualism include the relationship between bees and flowers (pollination) and the partnership between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and leguminous plants.