Nokea
Which of the following models calls for a political response to disability?
- A. Social
- B. Medical
- C. Activist
- D. Collaborative
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Social model demands political fixes disability's a society fail, not body flaw nurses see it push access, not just meds. Medical treats; activist's vague; collaborative teams up, no policy call. It's a chronic shift, environment over anatomy.
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Which of the following statements regarding weight regulation is FALSE?
- A. Functional MRI (fMRI) studies have shown overactivation of reward-encoding brain regions and/or deficiency in cortical inhibitory networks in obese people
- B. The homeostatic weight regulation circuitry centres around the corticolimbic structures of the brain
- C. Liking and wanting of food are subconscious processes
- D. The reward system of weight regulation is nonhomeostatic in nature
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Weight regulation involves homeostatic (hypothalamic) and nonhomeostatic (reward-driven) systems. fMRI studies showing reward region overactivation in obesity, subconscious liking/wanting, and the reward system's nonhomeostatic nature are true. However, homeostatic regulation centers on the hypothalamus, not corticolimbic structures (involved in reward/emotion), making this false. Understanding this distinction aids physicians in addressing both physiological and behavioral drivers in chronic obesity management.
Which of the following options applies to the accumulation of macrophages in adipose tissue?
- A. This accumulation has been shown in mice but not in humans
- B. This accumulation is negatively correlated with the size of the adipose cells
- C. This accumulation cannot be influenced by weight reduction
- D. None of the options applies
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Macrophages swarm fat in humans big cells pull them, weight loss shrinks the crowd, not mouse-only or stuck. Nurses see this, a chronic inflammation truth.
Which nursing action should be included in the plan of care for a client returning to the surgical unit following a left modified radical mastectomy with dissection of axillary lymph nodes?
- A. Obtain permanent breast prosthesis before the patient is discharged from the hospital
- B. Teach the patient to use the ordered patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) every 10 minutes
- C. Place a pink bracelet on the client warning against venipunctures or blood pressures in the left arm
- D. Insist that the patient examine the surgical incision when the initial dressings are removed
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mastectomy with axillary dissection risks lymphedema a pink bracelet flags the left arm, barring venipuncture or BP cuffs to prevent swelling, a priority in post-op care. Prosthesis comes later, post-healing. PCA teaching avoids rigid timing PRN's key. Forcing incision checks risks distress, not healing. Nurses lock in this bracelet, safeguarding lymph flow, a must-do in this surgical aftermath to dodge chronic arm woes.
A nurse is caring for a client who presented to the emergency department with complaints of fatigue, palpitations, and chest pains. Upon assessment, the provider notes an S3 and S4 gallop, weak peripheral pulses, and tachycardia. The provider orders a chest x-ray and echocardiogram, which reveals left ventricular dilation. Which of the following disorder is consistent with these findings?
- A. Cardiac tamponade
- B. Dilated cardiomyopathy
- C. Pericarditis
- D. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Left ventricular dilation with S3, S4, weak pulses, and tachycardia paints dilated cardiomyopathy heart muscle stretches, weakening pump, causing fatigue and palpitations. Tamponade compresses, not dilates. Pericarditis inflames without dilation. Restrictive stiffens, resisting stretch. Nurses tie this to DCM's systolic flop, anticipating meds like ACE inhibitors, a fit for this stretched-out heart.
Melatonin is a hormone that is involved in the regulation of the circadian rhythm. Features of melatonin include:
- A. It circulates in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood.
- B. It has a plasma elimination half-life of 4 h.
- C. It is derived from tryptophan.
- D. It activates the pituitary adenylate cyclase mechanism of circadian wakefulness.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, regulates sleep-wake cycles. It circulates in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, crossing the blood-brain barrier to signal darkness via the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Its half-life is short, about 30-60 minutes, not 4 hours, enabling rapid response to light cues. Synthesized from tryptophan via serotonin, it's a biochemical derivative responsive to environmental triggers. It acts on melatonin receptors (MT1, MT2) in the SCN, suppressing wakefulness-promoting adenylate cyclase, not activating pituitary mechanisms for wakefulness that's a misattribution. Its role dampens alertness, promoting sleep. Circulation in bodily fluids ensures systemic distribution, aligning circadian rhythms with night, making it foundational to sleep physiology and fatigue management.