Nokea
Which of the following pathogens can cause meningitis?
- A. Staph. aureus
- B. Strep. pyogenes
- C. Strep. pneumoniae
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for choice C (Strep. pneumoniae):
1. Strep. pneumoniae is a common cause of bacterial meningitis.
2. It is a leading pathogen responsible for meningitis in adults and children.
3. It can invade the bloodstream and reach the meninges, causing inflammation.
4. Treatment guidelines often include antibiotics effective against Strep. pneumoniae.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A. Staph. aureus is not a common cause of meningitis.
B. Strep. pyogenes typically causes streptococcal infections but not meningitis.
D. "None of the above" is incorrect as Strep. pneumoniae can cause meningitis.
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The presence of microbes in or on the body is a(n):
- A. infection
- B. contamination
- C. adhesion
- D. disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: adhesion. Adhesion refers to the attachment of microbes to surfaces in or on the body without causing harm. Infections (choice A) occur when microbes invade and multiply in the body, leading to harmful effects. Contamination (choice B) refers to the presence of unwanted or potentially harmful substances, not necessarily microbes. Disease (choice D) is a state of poor health caused by a specific agent, such as microbes, resulting in identifiable symptoms. In this context, adhesion best describes the presence of microbes without causing harm or leading to an infection.
Which bacteria is known for causing a disease characterized by a pseudomembrane in the throat?
- A. Clostridium tetani
- B. Bordetella pertussis
- C. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- D. Streptococcus pyogenes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Corynebacterium diphtheriae. This bacterium causes diphtheria, a disease characterized by a pseudomembrane in the throat. This pseudomembrane is a result of the bacterial exotoxins causing inflammation and necrosis of the throat tissues. Clostridium tetani (A) causes tetanus, characterized by muscle stiffness, not a pseudomembrane in the throat. Bordetella pertussis (B) causes whooping cough, with symptoms of severe coughing fits but no pseudomembrane. Streptococcus pyogenes (D) causes strep throat, but does not produce a pseudomembrane.
Which bacteria are commonly associated with food poisoning?
- A. Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus aureus
- B. Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Treponema pallidum and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- D. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus aureus. Clostridium botulinum produces a potent neurotoxin causing botulism, commonly associated with improperly canned foods. Staphylococcus aureus produces toxins causing symptoms of food poisoning. Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are not typically associated with food poisoning. Treponema pallidum and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are bacteria causing sexually transmitted infections. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are not directly linked to food poisoning.
A 14-year-old patient was diagnosed with Hutchinson's triad: barrel-shaped incisors, parenchymatous keratitis and deafness. The revealed presentations are consistent with the following disease:
- A. Syphilis
- B. Toxoplasmosis
- C. Lepra
- D. Tuberculosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Syphilis. Hutchinson's triad is a classic presentation of congenital syphilis in children. Barrel-shaped incisors, parenchymatous keratitis, and deafness are key manifestations. Barrel-shaped incisors result from mulberry molars, a type of abnormal tooth. Parenchymatous keratitis is an inflammation of the cornea, a common ocular sign in congenital syphilis. Deafness can occur due to damage to the auditory nerve caused by the infection. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not typically present with the specific triad of symptoms seen in congenital syphilis.
The correct hierarchical order for virus classification is
- A. order, genus, family, subfamily, species.
- B. species, genus, family, subfamily, order.
- C. order, family, subfamily, genus, species.
- D. genus, order, family, subfamily, species.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct hierarchical order for virus classification is order, family, subfamily, genus, species. This is because classification starts at a broader level (order) and narrows down to a more specific level (species). Order comes first to group viruses based on common characteristics, followed by family, which further categorizes them. Subfamily refines the classification, then genus groups similar viruses together, and species distinguishes different strains within a genus. Choice A is incorrect because it places genus before family, which is not the correct sequence. Choice B is incorrect as it starts with species, which is the most specific level. Choice D is incorrect because it places genus at the beginning, which is too specific for the hierarchical order.