Nokea
Which of the following bacteria is associated with food poisoning caused by improperly canned foods?
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Salmonella enterica
- D. Vibrio cholerae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clostridium botulinum. This bacterium is associated with food poisoning from improperly canned foods due to its ability to produce botulinum toxin, a potent neurotoxin that causes botulism. Improper canning allows spores of Clostridium botulinum to survive and germinate, producing the toxin in anaerobic conditions. The other choices are incorrect because Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Vibrio cholerae are not typically associated with food poisoning from improperly canned foods. Escherichia coli and Salmonella are more commonly linked to contaminated water or undercooked food, while Vibrio cholerae causes cholera primarily through contaminated water sources.
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Which of the following viral infections can result in chronic carrier state.
- A. HBV
- B. HCV
- C. HDV
- D. All of these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of these. HBV, HCV, and HDV can all lead to chronic carrier states due to their ability to establish persistent infections in the liver. HBV can result in chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and even liver cancer. HCV can also lead to chronic hepatitis and liver damage. HDV is a defective virus that requires HBV for replication and can worsen the outcome of HBV infection, potentially leading to chronic liver disease. Therefore, all three viruses have the potential to cause chronic carrier states.
A patient complained about a carbuncle on his face. Examination results: neither dense nor painful edema of subcutaneous cellular tissue, there is black crust in the middle of the carbuncle and peripheral vesicular rash around it. Bacteriological examination revealed presence of immobile streptobacilli able of capsulation. What microorganisms are causative agents of this disease?
- A. Bacillus antracis
- B. Staptylococcus aureus
- C. Bacillus anthracoides
- D. Bacillus megaterium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bacillus anthracoides.
1. The patient's symptoms align with cutaneous anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis.
2. Presence of immobile streptobacilli able of capsulation matches the characteristics of Bacillus anthracis.
3. Symptoms such as black crust, peripheral vesicular rash, and non-painful edema are classic for cutaneous anthrax.
4. Choice A: Bacillus antracis is a misspelling, not a valid option.
5. Choice B: Staphylococcus aureus does not match the symptoms described in the scenario.
6. Choice D: Bacillus megaterium is not associated with cutaneous anthrax.
Which of the following media is used to isolate Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
- A. Phenylethyl alcohol agar
- B. Thayer-Martin agar
- C. MacConkey agar
- D. Mannitol salt agar
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thayer-Martin agar. This selective media contains antibiotics that inhibit the growth of other organisms while allowing Neisseria gonorrhoeae to grow. The antibiotics in Thayer-Martin agar include vancomycin, colistin, nystatin, and trimethoprim, which target different types of bacteria, ensuring the isolation of N. gonorrhoeae. Phenylethyl alcohol agar (A) is used to isolate gram-positive organisms, not N. gonorrhoeae. MacConkey agar (C) is selective for gram-negative enteric bacteria. Mannitol salt agar (D) is used for isolating Staphylococcus species based on their ability to ferment mannitol.
Family Reoviridae does not include:
- A. Orthoreovirus type 3
- B. Orthomyxovirus type 1
- C. Orthoreovirus type 1
- D. Orthoreovirus type 2
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Orthomyxovirus type 1. Family Reoviridae includes Orthoreovirus types 1, 2, and 3. Orthomyxovirus belongs to a different family, Orthomyxoviridae. Therefore, B is the correct answer. Orthoreovirus types 1, 2, and 3 are part of the Reoviridae family. Choice A, C, and D are incorrect because they are all part of the Reoviridae family which includes Orthoreoviruses.
The presence of microbes in or on the body is a(n):
- A. infection
- B. contamination
- C. adhesion
- D. disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: adhesion. Adhesion refers to the attachment of microbes to surfaces in or on the body without causing harm. Infections (choice A) occur when microbes invade and multiply in the body, leading to harmful effects. Contamination (choice B) refers to the presence of unwanted or potentially harmful substances, not necessarily microbes. Disease (choice D) is a state of poor health caused by a specific agent, such as microbes, resulting in identifiable symptoms. In this context, adhesion best describes the presence of microbes without causing harm or leading to an infection.