Anatomy HESI A2

Anatomy HESI A2 Related

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Which of the following processes represents a different level of defense compared to the others?

  • A. A low pH in the stomach
  • B. Cilia present in the trachea
  • C. Body cells recognizing a pathogen
  • D. Mucus present in the nasal cavity
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Among the listed processes, low pH in the stomach, cilia in the trachea, and mucus in the nasal cavity serve as physical barriers that form the first line of defense against pathogens. These barriers work to block pathogens from entering the body. On the other hand, body cells recognizing a pathogen involves the immune response, which operates at a different level of defense. This process is part of the adaptive immune response, where the body's immune cells identify, target, and eliminate specific pathogens to provide a specialized defense after the pathogens have breached the physical barriers. Therefore, body cells recognizing a pathogen represent a different level of defense compared to the other listed processes.

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How is pepsin utilized by the body?

  • A. To break down proteins
  • B. To break down starches
  • C. To emulsify fats and oils
  • D. To absorb water and nutrients
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Pepsin is an enzyme produced in the stomach that is essential for breaking down proteins during digestion. It functions by breaking down large protein molecules into smaller peptides, which are further broken down into amino acids for absorption in the intestines. Therefore, option A, 'To break down proteins,' is the correct answer. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the specific function of pepsin in the body.

How does a sagittal section divide the body?

  • A. Into right and left regions
  • B. Into upper and lower regions
  • C. Into front and back regions
  • D. Between the dorsal and ventral cavities
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A sagittal section divides the body into right and left regions. This type of section runs longitudinally from front to back, separating the body into right and left halves. Sagittal sections are crucial for understanding the anatomical structure and orientation of various body parts. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because a sagittal section specifically divides the body into right and left portions, not upper and lower regions, front and back regions, or between the dorsal and ventral cavities.

What structure links the nasopharynx to the middle ear?

  • A. Larynx
  • B. Pharyngeal muscles
  • C. Eustachian tube
  • D. Bronchus
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The Eustachian tube is the structure that connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It functions to equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere, protecting the eardrum from damage and aiding in the drainage of fluid from the middle ear. This connection is essential for maintaining proper ear function and health. The larynx (Choice A) is not the correct structure that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear. Pharyngeal muscles (Choice B) are involved in swallowing and do not directly link the nasopharynx to the middle ear. The bronchus (Choice D) is part of the respiratory system and is not connected to the middle ear.

What is a common finding in a whiplash injury?

  • A. Cardiopulmonary issues
  • B. Side-to-side spinal curvature
  • C. Eventual herniation of discs
  • D. Traumatic injury to ligaments
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: A common finding in a whiplash injury is a traumatic injury to ligaments. Whiplash occurs due to sudden hyperextension and hyperflexion of the neck, leading to strain or tearing of ligaments in the neck. This can manifest as neck pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. While other complications like cardiopulmonary problems, side-to-side spinal curvature, or eventual herniation of discs are not typically associated with whiplash injuries.

To which system do the ovaries belong?

  • A. skeletal system
  • B. nervous system
  • C. lymphatic system
  • D. reproductive system
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: reproductive system. The ovaries are essential organs of the female reproductive system. They play a vital role in producing eggs and secreting hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The skeletal system (choice A) consists of bones and tissues that support the body, the nervous system (choice B) controls body functions and responses, and the lymphatic system (choice C) helps the body fight off infections. Therefore, the ovaries belong to the reproductive system.

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