Nokea
Which of the following sentences concerned with lymph node structure is incorrect?
- A. naïve B lymphocytes are found in the cortex
- B. naïve T lymphocytes are found in the paracortex
- C. naïve lymphocytes enter the lymph node through the efferent lymphatic vessel
- D. Antigens can enter the lymph node through afferent lymphatic vessels
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C is incorrect because naïve lymphocytes actually enter the lymph node through the afferent lymphatic vessel, not the efferent. A carries lymphocytes into the lymph node, and D is true since antigens enter through afferent vessels. B is correct, as naïve T cells are found in the paracortex.
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What is an example of an IV solution that would be appropriate to treat an extracellular fluid volume deficit?
- A. D5W
- B. 3% saline
- C. Lactated Ringer’s solution
- D. D5W in ½ normal saline (0.45%)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Lactated Ringer’s solution replenishes extracellular fluids and electrolytes effectively.
The patient is transferring from another facility with the description of a sore on her sacrum that is deep enough to see the muscle. What stage of pressure ulcer does the nurse expect to see on admission?
- A. Stage I
- B. Stage II
- C. Stage III
- D. Stage IV
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Stage IV pressure ulcers involve full-thickness tissue loss, exposing muscle, tendon, or bone.
Which historical event provides evidence for immune adaptation?
- A. Spanish flu pandemic
- B. The Black Death caused by Yersinia pestis
- C. HIV/AIDS epidemic
- D. The eradication of smallpox
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Black Death caused by Yersinia pestis is the correct answer because it led to immune adaptation in survivors. Yersinia pestis triggered the body to develop immunity. The Spanish flu pandemic, HIV/AIDS epidemic, and eradication of smallpox did not directly result in immune adaptation like the Black Death. The Spanish flu and HIV/AIDS were caused by viruses that did not lead to long-term immunity, and smallpox eradication was achieved through vaccinations, not natural immune adaptation.
Which characteristics are seen with acute transplant rejection (select all that apply)?
- A. Treatment is supportive
- B. Only occurs with transplanted kidneys
- C. Organ must be removed when it occurs
- D. The recipient’s T cytotoxic lymphocytes attack the foreign organ
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acute transplant rejection involves the recipient's T cytotoxic lymphocytes attacking the transplanted organ, requiring immunosuppressive therapy.
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
- A. Plague or Black Death is the disease that devastated Europe in Medieval times (1350-1400) with about 50% of the European population having been wiped out.
- B. There are reports of Black Death dating as early as 1000 B.C. making plague probably the most ancient disease and the first recorded
- C. Plague is still endemic in some countries
- D. Plague can be cured with antibiotics
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because there are no reports of the Black Death dating back to 1000 B.C. The Black Death specifically refers to the pandemic outbreak of the bubonic plague in the 14th century. The first recorded pandemic of the Black Death occurred in the 14th century, not in 1000 B.C. The other choices are incorrect because A is true as the Black Death did devastate Europe in the 14th century, C is true as plague is still present in some countries, and D is true as plague can be treated with antibiotics if caught early.