Nokea
Which of the following serum lab values is a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis?
- A. LDL 150 mg/dL
- B. Triglycerides 140 mg/dL
- C. Cholesterol 190 mg/dL
- D. HDL 100mg/dL
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: LDL 150 mg/dL. LDL cholesterol is known as "bad" cholesterol, and high levels are a risk factor for atherosclerosis. LDL can build up in the arteries, leading to plaque formation and narrowing of blood vessels. Elevated LDL levels increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Summary:
B: Triglycerides 140 mg/dL - Elevated triglycerides are a risk factor for heart disease, but not as directly linked to atherosclerosis as LDL.
C: Cholesterol 190 mg/dL - Total cholesterol includes both HDL and LDL, so this value alone does not specify the risk factor for atherosclerosis.
D: HDL 100mg/dL - High levels of HDL are actually considered beneficial as it is known as "good" cholesterol and helps to remove LDL from the bloodstream, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis.
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Oxygen dissociation curve shows the relation between
- A. Oxyhemoglobin saturation and Oxygen tension
- B. Oxyhemoglobin saturation and Carbon dioxide level
- C. Oxyhemoglobin formation and dissociation
- D. Partial pressure of Oxygen and Partial pressure of Carbon dioxide
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The oxygen dissociation curve illustrates the relationship between oxyhemoglobin saturation and oxygen tension. As oxygen tension increases, hemoglobin binds more oxygen until it becomes fully saturated. Option A is correct as it accurately describes this relationship. Option B is incorrect because carbon dioxide level does not directly affect the oxygen-hemoglobin binding. Option C is incorrect as it does not reflect the relationship shown by the curve. Option D is incorrect because it mixes the variables of oxygen and carbon dioxide, which are not directly related in the oxygen dissociation curve.
The nurse assesses the client using the device pictured below to deliver 50% O2: The nurse finds that the mask fits snugly the skin under the mask and straps is intact and the flow rate of the oxygen is 3 L/min. What action by the nurse is best?
- A. Assess the client's oxygen saturation.
- B. Document these findings in the chart.
- C. Immediately increase the flow rate.
- D. Turn the flow rate down to 2 L/min.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Immediately increase the flow rate. A flow rate of 3 L/min is inadequate to deliver 50% O2 through a mask. Increasing the flow rate will ensure the client receives the prescribed oxygen concentration.
Incorrect choices:
A: Assess the client's oxygen saturation - This is not the priority as the oxygen delivery is suboptimal.
B: Document these findings in the chart - Documentation is important but addressing the oxygen delivery issue is more critical.
D: Turn the flow rate down to 2 L/min - This would further reduce the oxygen concentration, which is not appropriate in this case.
Which of these statements is correct?
- A. Regular bronchioles are the most distal part of the respiratory tract to contain glands.
- B. Larynx do contain significant amounts of smooth muscle
- C. Goblet cells are abundant in the small bronchi and respiratory bronchioles
- D. Elastic fibres are more abundant in the bronchi and bronchioles than the upper respiratory tract.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because elastic fibers are more abundant in the bronchi and bronchioles than the upper respiratory tract. Elastic fibers provide elasticity and recoil to help with airway expansion and contraction during breathing. This is crucial in the bronchi and bronchioles to maintain airflow dynamics.
Choice A is incorrect because regular bronchioles do not contain glands; they are found in the respiratory bronchioles. Choice B is incorrect because larynx contains a significant amount of cartilage, not smooth muscle. Choice C is incorrect because goblet cells are abundant in the larger bronchi, trachea, and bronchioles, not in the small bronchi and respiratory bronchioles.
Which of the following instructions should the nurse give a client about his active tuberculosis (TB)?
- A. "It's okay to miss a dose every day or two."
- B. "If side effects occur, stop taking the medication."
- C. "Only take the medication until you feel better."
- D. "You must comply with the medication regimen to treat TB."
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because adherence to the medication regimen is crucial in treating active TB to prevent drug resistance and ensure successful treatment. Missing doses can lead to treatment failure and the spread of TB. Option A is incorrect because missing doses compromises treatment effectiveness. Option B is incorrect as stopping medication due to side effects can also result in treatment failure. Option C is incorrect because TB treatment must be completed as prescribed, regardless of symptom improvement.
A nurse teaches a client who is prescribed nicotine replacement therapy. Which statement should the nurse include in this client's teaching?
- A. Make a list of reasons why smoking is a bad habit.
- B. Rise slowly when getting out of bed in the morning.
- C. Smoking while taking this medication will increase your risk of a stroke.
- D. Stopping this medication suddenly increases your risk for a heart attack.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Smoking while taking nicotine replacement therapy can increase the risk of a stroke due to the combination of nicotine intake from smoking and the therapy. This is important for the client to understand to avoid potential serious health complications.
A: Making a list of reasons why smoking is bad is not directly related to the client's use of nicotine replacement therapy.
B: Rising slowly when getting out of bed is a general safety measure and not specific to nicotine replacement therapy.
D: Stopping nicotine replacement therapy suddenly does not increase the risk for a heart attack; rather, it may lead to withdrawal symptoms.