Nokea
Which of the following signs and symptoms may point toward a fluid-volume excess?
- A. Elevated blood pressure
- B. Clear lung fields
- C. Weight gain
- D. Edema of extremities
- E. Crackles in lungs
- F. Respiratory rate of 20 per minute
- G. Decrease in pulse volume
Correct Answer: A,C,D,E
Rationale: Signs of fluid-volume excess include elevated blood pressure, weight gain, edema, and crackles in lungs due to fluid accumulation.
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Which of the following electrolytes does aldosterone influence the kidneys to save and/or excrete?
- A. Sodium
- B. Chloride
- C. Potassium
- D. Magnesium
Correct Answer: A,C
Rationale: Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
Your patient is taking a thiazide diuretic routinely and tends to run a low serum K? level even though the physician has prescribed K? supplementation and the patient reports taking it faithfully. Which of the following foods would you recommend the patient add to his diet to assist in maintaining normal K? levels?
- A. Baked potatoes
- B. Whole-grain bread
- C. Bananas
- D. Oranges
- E. Apricots
- F. Halibut
- G. Green beans
Correct Answer: A,C,D,E,F
Rationale: Potassium-rich foods like baked potatoes, bananas, oranges, apricots, and halibut help maintain normal potassium levels.
If the patient's blood pH is 7.47, the patient is in
- A. Alkalosis.
- B. Acidosis.
- C. Hypovolemic shock.
- D. Tetany.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A blood pH of 7.47 is above the normal range (7.35-7.45), indicating alkalosis.
Your knowledge of which of the following pieces of data regarding potassium takes highest priority?
- A. Never give KCl IV push.
- B. Never administer potassium chloride by the direct intravenous route.
- C. $\mathrm{KCl}$ given IV push can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias.
- D. Yes, this is a trick question. All of the above choices are essentially the same, but you probably will be able to remember to never give $\mathrm{KCl}$ direct IV push.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: All statements emphasize the danger of administering potassium chloride IV push, which can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias, making this knowledge critical.
ANF is another hormone that affects the body's water level. Which of the following statements regarding ANF are accurate?
- A. ANF's production is signaled when baroreceptors detect abnormally low pressure, meaning that blood volume is too low.
- B. ANF inhibits renin production by the kidneys.
- C. ANF causes sodium to be retained by the kidneys.
- D. The end result of ANF increases water loss through the kidneys.
Correct Answer: B,D
Rationale: Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) inhibits renin production, promoting sodium and water excretion, which increases water loss through the kidneys.