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Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between ethical principles and laws?
- A. The government enforces ethics.
- B. Laws guide decision making by setting standards.
- C. Ethics are highly detailed.
- D. Ethical principles can serve as the foundation for laws.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because ethical principles can indeed serve as the foundation for laws. Laws often reflect societal ethical values and principles. Ethical principles provide a moral framework that lawmakers may use to create laws that promote justice and fairness. By basing laws on ethical principles, societies aim to uphold shared values and promote good conduct. In contrast, A is incorrect as the government enforces laws, not ethics. B is incorrect because laws are legal rules, not ethical principles. C is incorrect as ethics are principles of right and wrong, not necessarily highly detailed.
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Which type of HMO contracts with two or more IPAs (Independent Practice Associations)?
- A. Staff model
- B. Point of service model
- C. Network model
- D. Group model
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Network model. In this model, the HMO contracts with multiple IPAs, allowing members to choose from a wider network of physicians. This promotes flexibility and choice. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Staff model involves directly employing physicians, not contracting with IPAs.
B: Point of service model allows members to go outside the network for care, not necessarily contracting with IPAs.
D: Group model involves physicians working in a group practice, not IPAs.
Which of the following is a challenge the profession of nursing faced?
- A. Nursing contributing to the stigma of AIDS in the 1980s out of fear.
- B. Nursing practice flourishing in field hospitals during the Korean War with abundant supplies and equipment.
- C. Many nurses feeling frustrated with the lack of independent functioning after the Vietnam War.
- D. A decline in the number of hospice nurses due to ethical dilemmas.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because many nurses felt frustrated with the lack of independent functioning after the Vietnam War. This is a significant challenge as nurses were accustomed to a high level of autonomy in field hospitals during wartime but faced restrictions in civilian healthcare settings. This led to dissatisfaction and a sense of limitation in their professional roles.
Explanation of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Nursing contributing to the stigma of AIDS in the 1980s out of fear is not a challenge that the profession faced but rather a societal issue related to lack of knowledge and fear of the disease.
B: Nursing practice flourishing in field hospitals during the Korean War with abundant supplies and equipment is not a challenge but a positive aspect of nursing history.
D: A decline in the number of hospice nurses due to ethical dilemmas is a specific problem related to hospice care and not a widespread challenge faced by the entire profession of nursing.
How can a staff nurse recognize they are experiencing burnout? (EXCEPT)
- A. They are spending more time talking to staff on other units.
- B. Staff is questioning their clinical judgment.
- C. They sleep longer hours, sometimes coming in late to work.
- D. They are drinking alcohol more frequently to relax.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: A staff nurse experiencing burnout may isolate themselves, leading to less interaction with staff on other units. This can result in spending less time talking to staff on other units. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are common signs of burnout: staff questioning clinical judgment, increased sleep, and increased alcohol consumption.
What is the main concern with collective bargaining?
- A. Create tension among nurses.
- B. Reform health care.
- C. Secure economic security.
- D. Unite the nurses.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Create tension among nurses. Collective bargaining involves negotiation between labor unions and employers, which can lead to disagreements and conflicts among nurses over issues such as wages, working conditions, and benefits. This tension is a common concern as it can impact unity and collaboration within the nursing workforce.
Summary:
B: Reform health care - This is incorrect as collective bargaining focuses on labor relations, not healthcare reform.
C: Secure economic security - This is incorrect as securing economic security is one of the goals of collective bargaining, not a concern.
D: Unite the nurses - This is incorrect as collective bargaining can sometimes lead to division and tension among nurses rather than uniting them.
When a nurse observes a fellow nurse preparing an incorrect dose of medication, what is the best action to take?
- A. Ignore the error
- B. Administer the medication anyway
- C. Correct the error without informing the nurse
- D. Report the error to the supervisor immediately
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Report the error to the supervisor immediately. This action prioritizes patient safety and prevents harm. It follows ethical guidelines by promoting transparency and accountability. Reporting the error also upholds professional standards and fosters a culture of continuous learning and improvement. Ignoring the error (A) risks patient harm. Administering the medication anyway (B) compromises patient safety. Correcting the error without informing the nurse (C) overlooks the importance of addressing the root cause and preventing future mistakes.