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Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of dendritic cells in the immune response?
- A. Dendritic cells directly kill infected cells and tumor cells.
- B. Dendritic cells produce antibodies against pathogens.
- C. Dendritic cells activate na(cid:239)ve T cells and initiate adaptive immune responses.
- D. Dendritic cells release histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Dendritic cells play a critical role in initiating adaptive immune responses by capturing antigens from pathogens, migrating to lymphoid organs, and presenting these antigens to naïve T cells. This activation of naïve T cells by dendritic cells is essential for the adaptive immune system to generate specific immune responses against pathogens. Dendritic cells act as professional antigen-presenting cells, which are specialized to capture, process, and present antigens to T cells, thereby facilitating the activation of T cells and the coordination of adaptive immune responses, such as the production of specific antibodies and the generation of memory T cells.
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Based on the Right to Privacy and Confidentiality under the Patient's Bill of Rights, the patient has the right to demand on the following, but NOT _______ pertaining to his care as confidential.
- A. Information
- B. Records
- C. Communication
- D. Financial status
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The patient has the right to demand that information, records, and communications pertaining to their care be kept confidential under the Right to Privacy and Confidentiality as outlined in the Patient's Bill of Rights. However, financial status is generally not considered part of the confidential medical information and may not fall under the same level of protection as personal health information. Therefore, the patient cannot demand that their financial status be treated as confidential under this particular right.
The charts are stored in the Medical Records or storage room for at least _____ years.
- A. 3-5 years
- B. 5-10 years
- C. 1-5 years
- D. 1-3 years
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Medical records are typically required to be retained for a certain period of time as mandated by legal and regulatory requirements. The retention period for medical records is generally between 5 to 10 years, depending on the jurisdiction and specific regulations governing healthcare facilities. Keeping medical records for this duration ensures that they are available for reference, audits, legal purposes, and continuity of care for patients. Storing medical records for an adequate length of time also helps in ensuring continuity of care and tracking patients' medical history over time, which is crucial for quality healthcare delivery. Therefore, storing charts in the Medical Records or storage room for at least 5-10 years aligns with standard practices in healthcare compliance and patient care.
A patient presents with fatigue, weakness, and jaundice. Laboratory tests reveal hemolytic anemia, elevated LDH, decreased haptoglobin, and presence of schistocytes on peripheral blood smear. Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause these findings?
- A. Hereditary spherocytosis
- B. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
- C. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)
- D. Thalassemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked recessive disorder that leads to hemolytic anemia in response to oxidative stress. The patient's presentation of fatigue, weakness, and jaundice along with laboratory findings of hemolytic anemia (evidenced by schistocytes), elevated LDH, and decreased haptoglobin are all characteristic of G6PD deficiency. The oxidative stress causes red blood cell destruction, resulting in the release of LDH and bilirubin, leading to jaundice. Decreased haptoglobin is seen due to its consumption in binding free hemoglobin released from the lysed red blood cells. Additionally, the presence of schistocytes on a peripheral blood smear is indicative of red blood cell fragmentation, a common finding in hemolytic anemias including G6PD deficiency
A patient with a history of chronic kidney disease is prescribed erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) for anemia management. Which parameter should the nurse monitor closely during ESA therapy?
- A. Serum potassium levels
- B. Hemoglobin levels
- C. Serum creatinine levels
- D. White blood cell count
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When a patient with chronic kidney disease is prescribed erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) for anemia management, the parameter that should be monitored closely by the nurse is the hemoglobin levels. Hemoglobin levels indicate the patient's response to ESA therapy and are essential in assessing the effectiveness of the treatment in addressing anemia. Monitoring hemoglobin levels helps ensure that the patient's anemia is controlled within the target range to avoid both the risks of under-treatment (resulting in persistent anemia) and over-treatment (increased risk of adverse outcomes such as hypertension, stroke, or cardiovascular events).
A patient with a history of cirrhosis is at risk for developing hepatic encephalopathy. Which nursing intervention is most effective in preventing and managing hepatic encephalopathy?
- A. Administering lactulose as prescribed
- B. Restricting dietary protein intake
- C. Monitoring serum ammonia levels
- D. Encouraging increased fluid intake
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Lactulose is the most effective nursing intervention in preventing and managing hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Lactulose works by promoting the elimination of ammonia in the colon through its laxative effect, thereby reducing ammonia levels in the blood. High ammonia levels are associated with the development of hepatic encephalopathy. By administering lactulose as prescribed, nurses can help reduce the risk of encephalopathy and manage symptoms effectively. Monitoring serum ammonia levels is important in assessing the effectiveness of lactulose therapy, but administering lactulose is the primary nursing intervention in this situation. Dietary protein restriction is also commonly recommended; however, lactulose administration is the most vital intervention in this scenario. Additionally, encouraging increased fluid intake is important for overall liver health but is not as specific to preventing and managing hepatic encephalopathy as administering lactulose.