Nokea
Which of the following statements applies best to the effect of fear appeals?
- A. Fear appeals motivate people to adopt healthier behaviour
- B. Fear appeals lead to avoidance and denial
- C. Fear appeals help to show the negative consequences of unhealthy behaviour
- D. Fear appeals make people avoid unhealthy behaviour
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Fear appeals backfire denial trumps motivation, showing cons or dodging acts. Nurses see this, a chronic scare flop.
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Which of the following is FALSE about reduced ejection fraction heart failure (HFrEF)?
- A. The goals of therapy are to reduce morbidity (i.e., reducing symptoms, improving health-related quality of life and functional status, decreasing the rate of hospitalisation) and to reduce mortality
- B. Beta blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) are the preferred antihypertensive agents because these agents improve survival
- C. Recommended lifestyle modifications include smoking cessation, restriction of alcohol consumption, salt restriction, weight reduction in obese patients, as well as daily weight monitoring to detect fluid accumulation before it becomes symptomatic
- D. Patients at high risk for re-hospitalisation should be referred to a long-term care facility
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: HFrEF goals, preferred drugs (beta blockers, ACEi, ARBs, ARNI, MRA), and lifestyle changes are true, per ESC/ACC guidelines. However, high re-hospitalization risk doesn't mandate long-term care referral outpatient management or cardiac rehab is preferred unless dependency justifies it. This false claim refines chronic HFrEF management focus.
A patient on the oncology unit is receiving carmustine, a chemotherapy agent, and the nurse is aware that a significant side effect of this medication is thrombocytopenia. Which symptom should the nurse assess for in patients at risk for thrombocytopenia?
- A. Interrupted sleep pattern
- B. Hot flashes
- C. Epistaxis (nose bleed)
- D. Increased weight
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Carmustine, a nitrosourea, slams bone marrow, dropping platelets and causing thrombocytopenia low counts mean bleeding risks soar. Epistaxis (nosebleeds) is a classic sign, as mucosal vessels lack clotting support, especially with counts below 50,000/µL. Sleep issues might tie to discomfort but aren't direct. Hot flashes link to hormonal therapies, not this. Weight gain's unrelated cancer often causes loss. Nurses zero in on bleeding like epistaxis, bruising, or petechiae checking daily for these red flags, vital in oncology to catch and manage this life-threatening chemo fallout early.
A 16-year-old female patient experiences alopecia resulting from chemotherapy, prompting the nursing diagnoses of disturbed body image and situational low self-esteem. What action by the patient would best indicate that she is meeting the goal of improved body image and self-esteem?
- A. The patient requests that her family bring her makeup and wig
- B. The patient begins to discuss the future with her family
- C. The patient reports less disruption from pain and discomfort
- D. The patient cries openly when discussing her disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Alopecia guts self-image, especially at 16 requesting makeup and a wig shows she's fighting back, reclaiming her look and confidence. It's active, not passive, unlike future talks (hopeful but vague), less pain (physical, not emotional), or crying (raw but not progress). Nurses in oncology cheer this, knowing it signals resilience against chemo's brutal psychosocial hit, a win for body image goals.
When assigning staff to patients who are receiving chemotherapy, what is the major consideration about chemotherapeutic drugs?
- A. During preparation, drugs may be absorbed through the skin or inhaled
- B. Many chemotherapeutics are vesicants
- C. Chemotherapeutics are frequently given through central venous access devices
- D. Oral and venous routes are the most common
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Chemotherapy's potency demands safety focus preparation risks skin absorption or inhalation, exposing staff to toxins, necessitating specialized training and protective gear. Vesicants, causing tissue damage if extravasated, are a concern, but preparation hazards affect all drugs, broader in scope. Central venous access is common but a procedural detail, not the primary staffing issue. Route prevalence is logistical, not safety-centric. Prioritizing exposure risk ensures staff handling mixing, drawing minimizes occupational harm, a legal and ethical imperative, shaping assignments to trained personnel, critical in chemotherapy's high-stakes delivery.
Following chemotherapy, a patient is being closely monitored for tumor lysis syndrome. Which laboratory value requires particular attention?
- A. Platelet count
- B. Electrolytes
- C. Hemoglobin
- D. Hematocrit
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tumor lysis syndrome, a post-chemotherapy emergency, floods blood with cell breakdown products potassium, phosphate, uric acid disrupting electrolytes, risking renal failure or cardiac arrest. Monitoring electrolytes is critical to catch hyperkalemia or hyperphosphatemia, guiding urgent correction like dialysis. Platelets drop with chemotherapy but aren't TLS-specific. Hemoglobin and hematocrit track anemia, not lysis effects. Electrolytes' volatility in TLS demands focus abnormalities signal escalating danger, a nurse's lifeline to intervene, ensuring rapid response to this metabolic storm in cancer treatment's wake.