Nokea
Which of the following statements correctly describes GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid)?
- A. GABA is released at the presynaptic terminal to inhibit dopamine release
- B. GABA is released by GABA neurons and blocks propagation of the dopamine-triggered signal in the post synapse
- C. heroin and morphine stimulate GABA release
- D. all of the above are true
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale: Choice B is correct because GABA is indeed released by GABA neurons and acts to inhibit the propagation of signals triggered by dopamine in the post-synaptic neuron. GABA functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Choices A and C are incorrect. Choice A is inaccurate because GABA inhibits the release of dopamine, not the other way around. Choice C is incorrect as heroin and morphine act on opioid receptors, not GABA receptors. Choice D is incorrect because not all statements are true.
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The family members of a patient with hepatitis A ask if there is anything that will prevent them from developing the disease. What is the best response by the nurse?
- A. No immunization is available for hepatitis A, nor are you likely to get the disease.'
- B. All family members should receive the hepatitis A vaccine to prevent or modify the infection.'
- C. Those who have had household or close contact with the patient should receive immune globulin.'
- D. Only those individuals who have had sexual contact with the patient should receive immunization.'
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Those who have had household or close contact with the patient should receive immune globulin. This is because immune globulin can provide passive immunity to those exposed to hepatitis A, reducing the risk of developing the disease. Hepatitis A vaccine is not effective post-exposure, so it would not prevent disease in this scenario (option B). Option A is incorrect as there is a vaccine available for hepatitis A. Option D is incorrect because hepatitis A is primarily transmitted through fecal-oral route, not sexual contact.
What problem should the nurse assess the patient for if the patient was on prolonged antibiotic therapy?
- A. Coagulation problems
- B. Impaired absorption of amino acids
- C. Elevated serum ammonia levels
- D. Increased mucus and bicarbonate secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Elevated serum ammonia levels. Prolonged antibiotic therapy can lead to disruption of normal gut flora, causing overgrowth of ammonia-producing bacteria. Elevated serum ammonia levels can indicate hepatic encephalopathy, a serious condition that requires immediate intervention. Coagulation problems (A) are more commonly associated with liver disease or vitamin deficiencies. Impaired absorption of amino acids (B) is typically seen in conditions like celiac disease or gastrointestinal disorders, not specifically related to prolonged antibiotic use. Increased mucus and bicarbonate secretion (D) are not directly related to prolonged antibiotic therapy, but rather to respiratory or gastrointestinal conditions.
A 25-yr-old male patient calls the clinic reporting diarrhea for 24 hours. Which action should the nurse take first?
- A. Inform the patient that testing of blood and stools will be neede
- C. Suggest that the patient drink clear liquid fluids with electrolytes.
- D. Ask the patient to describe the stools and any associated symptoms.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because asking the patient to describe the stools and associated symptoms helps the nurse gather important information for assessment. Understanding the frequency, consistency, color, and presence of blood in the stools can help determine the severity and potential causes of diarrhea. This information guides the nurse in deciding the appropriate next steps for care. Option A is incorrect as testing should be based on assessment findings. Option C is premature without assessing the patient first. Option B lacks relevance to the assessment process.
When assessing a patient with acute pancreatitis, the nurse would expect to find
- A. hyperactive bowel sounds.
- B. hypertension and tachycardia.
- C. a temperature greater than 102°F (38.9°C).
- D. severe midepigastric or left upper quadrant (LUQ) pain.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because severe midepigastric or LUQ pain is a classic symptom of acute pancreatitis due to inflammation of the pancreas. This pain is usually persistent and can radiate to the back.
A: Hyperactive bowel sounds are not typically associated with acute pancreatitis but rather with conditions like gastroenteritis.
B: Hypertension and tachycardia are not specific to acute pancreatitis and can be seen in various medical conditions.
C: While fever can be present in acute pancreatitis, a specific temperature greater than 102°F is not a defining characteristic.
The effects of parasympathetic stimulation on the GIT include:
- A. Constriction of the pylorus
- B. Contraction of the internal anal sphincter
- C. Contraction of the external anal sphincter
- D. Contraction of the gall bladder
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because parasympathetic stimulation causes the contraction of the gall bladder. This is due to the release of acetylcholine which stimulates the gall bladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum to aid in digestion. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as parasympathetic stimulation does not cause constriction of the pylorus, contraction of the internal anal sphincter, or contraction of the external anal sphincter.