Nokea
The liver combines a toxic by-product of amino acid metabolism, ammonia, with another waste product, carbon dioxide, to form the water-soluble ______, which is excreted in the kidneys.
- A. cholesterol
- B. bilirubin
- C. urea
- D. uric acid
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is C: urea. Ammonia is toxic and needs to be converted into a less toxic form for excretion. The liver combines ammonia with carbon dioxide to form urea through the urea cycle. Urea is water-soluble and is excreted by the kidneys in urine. Cholesterol (A) is a lipid molecule, bilirubin (B) is a by-product of heme metabolism, and uric acid (D) is a by-product of purine metabolism. These molecules are not formed from the combination of ammonia and carbon dioxide and are not excreted in the kidneys.
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The lips are lined by ______ epithelium.
- A. moist stratified squamous
- B. dry stratified squamous
- C. simple columnar
- D. pseudostratified columnar
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: moist stratified squamous epithelium. The lips require a moist lining to prevent dehydration and facilitate movement. Stratified squamous epithelium is ideal for areas subjected to wear and tear, like the lips. The stratified nature provides protection, while the squamous cells allow flexibility and ease of movement. The moist aspect is crucial to maintain hydration and prevent drying out.
Summary:
- Choice B (dry stratified squamous) is incorrect because the lips need a moist lining.
- Choice C (simple columnar) is incorrect because columnar epithelium is not typically found on the lips.
- Choice D (pseudostratified columnar) is incorrect as it is not the most suitable type of epithelium for the lips' functions.
Which of the following is a major site of nutrient absorption?
- A. duodenum
- B. jejunum
- C. ileum
- D. colon
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: jejunum. The jejunum is a major site of nutrient absorption in the small intestine due to its extensive surface area and presence of villi and microvilli that facilitate absorption of nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The duodenum primarily functions in digestion, the ileum mainly absorbs vitamin B12 and bile salts, and the colon absorbs water and electrolytes. Therefore, the jejunum is the correct choice for being a major site of nutrient absorption.
The presence of bilirubin in bile is important because:
- A. It gives bile its color
- B. It leads to production of stercobilinogen in the intestine
- C. It facilitates absorption of lipids
- D. It gives faces their color
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: It gives bile its color. Bilirubin is a pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver, giving bile its characteristic yellow-green color. This is important for bile to aid in the emulsification and digestion of fats. Choices B and D are incorrect as stercobilinogen is produced from bilirubin in the intestine, contributing to stool color, not bile color. Choice C is incorrect as bile salts, not bilirubin, facilitate the absorption of lipids in the small intestine.
In which part of the alimentary canal does most digestion occur?
- A. stomach
- B. proximal small intestine
- C. distal small intestine
- D. ascending colon
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: proximal small intestine. Most digestion occurs in the proximal small intestine because it is where the majority of enzymes are secreted to break down food. This section also has a large surface area for absorption of nutrients. The stomach primarily breaks down food with acids, while the distal small intestine and ascending colon focus on absorption of nutrients and water, respectively.
Priority Decision: A patient treated for vomiting is to begin oral intake when the symptoms have subside To promote rehydration
- A. the nurse plans to administer which fluid first?
- B. Water
- C. Hot tea
- D. Gatorade
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: The priority is to administer fluids to rehydrate the patient.
Step 2: Intravenous fluids are not mentioned, so the nurse should start with oral fluids.
Step 3: Option A is the most appropriate choice as it addresses the need for fluid intake to promote rehydration.
Step 4: Water (Option B) lacks electrolytes that aid in rehydration.
Step 5: Hot tea (Option C) may irritate the stomach and not provide adequate hydration.
Step 6: Gatorade (Option D) contains electrolytes but may be too heavy for initial rehydration.