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Which of the following statements is false about the effects of exercise?
- A. the risk of death from breast cancer is greater in low aerobic fitness groups
- B. there is some evidence that aerobic exercise can increase brain volume in the elderly
- C. there is an inverse relationship between aerobic fitness and risk of colon cancer
- D. none of the above statements are false
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all three statements are true. A is supported by research showing lower risk of death from breast cancer in higher aerobic fitness groups. B is backed by studies indicating increased brain volume with aerobic exercise in the elderly. C is also true, as higher aerobic fitness levels are associated with reduced risk of colon cancer. Therefore, option D is the correct choice as none of the statements are false.
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A patient is admitted to the hospital with left upper quadrant (LUQ) pain. What may be a possible source of the pain?
- A. Liver
- B. Pancreas
- C. Appendix
- D. Gallbladder
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The pancreas is located in the left upper quadrant and inflammation or other issues here can cause LUQ pain.
Saliva does not contain:
- A. Blood group antigens
- B. Lysozymes
- C. Immunoglobulins
- D. Platelets
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Saliva does not contain platelets because platelets are components of blood responsible for blood clotting, not found in saliva. Saliva does contain ABO blood group antigens, lysozymes for antibacterial activity, and immunoglobulins for immune function. Platelets are not a normal component of saliva, making option D the correct answer.
Intestinal motility is a complex process, orchestrated by nerves, hormones and the presence of food in the stomach. Which statement about this process is correct?
- A. The migrating motor complex is chiefly responsible for peristaltic movement of food after a meal has been consumed
- B. The release of insulin after eating a meal will slow the emptying of the stomach
- C. At the start of a meal, the stomach increases its 'tone' in order to develop pressure which will lead to expulsion of its contents, via the pylorus
- D. The presence of partially digested fat and starch in the duodenum, slows intestinal motility
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. When partially digested fat and starch enter the duodenum, it triggers the release of hormones like cholecystokinin and secretin, which slow down intestinal motility. This is important for proper digestion and absorption of nutrients. Choice A is incorrect because the migrating motor complex is responsible for clearing the stomach and small intestine of residual food and bacteria during fasting, not after a meal. Choice B is incorrect because insulin does not affect stomach emptying; rather, it regulates blood sugar levels. Choice C is incorrect because the stomach does not increase its tone at the start of a meal; instead, it relaxes to accommodate the incoming food.
Pancreatic juice .
- A. deactivates bil
- C. is secreted by pancreatic islet cells.
- D. buffers chym
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because pancreatic juice buffers chyme, the acidic mixture of partially digested food from the stomach. This buffering action helps maintain the pH level for optimal enzymatic activity in the small intestine. Choice A is incorrect because pancreatic juice does not deactivate bile; bile aids in the digestion and absorption of fats. Choice C is incorrect as pancreatic islet cells secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon, not pancreatic juice. Choice B is incomplete and irrelevant, providing no information related to pancreatic juice function.
A nurse is assisting a group of clients in an outpatient clinic. For which of the following clients should the nurse anticipate scheduling a colonoscopy?
- A. 56-year-old who had a colonoscopy 6 years ago
- B. 34-year-old who reports a new onset of constipation
- C. 32-year-old who has a sister who died of colon cancer
- D. 51-year-old who is being seen for an annual physical examination
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because having a first-degree relative who died of colon cancer puts the client at an increased risk for developing colon cancer. This indicates the need for a colonoscopy for early detection and preventive measures.
A: A 56-year-old who had a colonoscopy 6 years ago is not a priority for immediate scheduling.
B: A 34-year-old with new onset constipation may require further assessment but not necessarily a colonoscopy.
D: A 51-year-old attending an annual physical exam without additional risk factors does not warrant immediate colonoscopy.