Nokea
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
- A. The gut microbiome composition in obese individuals is altered and shows overrepresentation of less beneficial species
- B. Fecal transplants have been used to treat Clostridium difficile infections
- C. Crohn's disease is considered a disease caused by loss of tolerance to the gut microbiota
- D. The bacterial type III secretion system is used by species of the gut microbiota to inject effector proteins into intestinal epithelial cells and invade them, as observed in Crohn's disease
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the statement incorrectly implies that the bacterial type III secretion system is used by gut microbiota to invade intestinal epithelial cells in Crohn's disease. In reality, Crohn's disease is not directly caused by invasion of gut microbiota into intestinal cells; it is a complex autoimmune condition. The gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with Crohn's disease, but invasion of epithelial cells is not the primary mechanism. Choices A, B, and C are correct: A highlights the altered microbiome in obesity, B discusses the use of fecal transplants for C. difficile infections, and C mentions Crohn's disease related to issues with gut microbiota tolerance.
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What chemical in poison ivy is responsible for triggering contact dermatitis?
- A. Histamine
- B. Urushiol oil
- C. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
- D. C3a
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Urushiol oil. Urushiol oil is the allergen in poison ivy that triggers contact dermatitis. When urushiol oil comes into contact with the skin, it can cause an allergic reaction leading to redness, itching, and inflammation. Histamine (choice A) is a compound released by the body in response to allergens but is not the specific chemical in poison ivy. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (choice C) is a component of the outer membrane of certain bacteria and not present in poison ivy. C3a (choice D) is a complement protein involved in the immune response but not related to poison ivy dermatitis.
Where do B cells mature?
- A. Bone marrow
- B. Thymus
- C. Spleen
- D. Lymph nodes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bone marrow. B cells mature in the bone marrow where they develop from hematopoietic stem cells. This process involves gene rearrangement and selection for self-tolerance. The bone marrow provides a microenvironment necessary for B cell development. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the thymus is where T cells mature, the spleen is involved in immune responses but not B cell maturation, and lymph nodes are sites for immune cell activation and proliferation but not B cell maturation.
Neurons are
- A. Cells specialized for carrying signals
- B. The functional units of the nervous system
- C. consists of A cell body, Dendrites and Axons
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because neurons are specialized cells that carry signals, making them the functional units of the nervous system. Neurons consist of a cell body, dendrites, and axons, fulfilling the criteria mentioned in options A, B, and C. Therefore, option D encompasses all the essential characteristics of neurons, making it the correct choice. Options A, B, and C individually do not fully capture the comprehensive nature of neurons, as they only cover specific aspects of what neurons are, whereas option D encompasses all the correct statements regarding neurons.
Which mutated tumor suppressor gene is most likely to contribute to many types of cancer, including bladder, breast, colorectal, and lung?
- A. p53
- B. APC
- C. BRCA1
- D. BRCA2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The p53 gene is a critical tumor suppressor gene involved in preventing cancer by regulating the cell cycle and initiating apoptosis. Mutations in this gene are associated with many types of cancer.
A client calls the clinic to report exposure to poison ivy and an itchy rash that is not helped with over-the-counter antihistamines. What response by the nurse is most appropriate?
- A. Antihistamines do not help poison ivy.
- B. There are different antihistamines to try.
- C. You should be seen in the clinic right away.
- D. You will need to take some IV steroids.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: "You should be seen in the clinic right away." This response is appropriate because poison ivy rashes can worsen and may require prescription medications like corticosteroids. Seeing a healthcare provider ensures proper diagnosis and treatment.
A: "Antihistamines do not help poison ivy." - Incorrect, as antihistamines may provide some relief for itching but are not the primary treatment for poison ivy rashes.
B: "There are different antihistamines to try." - Incorrect, as trying different antihistamines may not address the underlying issue of poison ivy exposure.
D: "You will need to take some IV steroids." - Incorrect, as IV steroids are typically reserved for severe cases and should be prescribed by a healthcare provider after evaluation.