Nokea
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about the fungi?
- A. They reproduce sexually and asexually
- B. They have a cell wall
- C. They are aerobes or facultative anaerobes
- D. They form flagella
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because fungi do not form flagella. Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually (A) through spores, have a cell wall (B) made of chitin, and are mostly aerobic or facultative anaerobes (C). Flagella are structures found in some protozoa and bacteria, not in fungi. Therefore, option D is the only statement that is not true about fungi.
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“Athlete’s foot†is referred to as:
- A. tinea capitis
- B. tinea corporis
- C. tinea versicolor
- D. tinea pedis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: tinea pedis. Athlete's foot is a fungal infection that affects the feet, specifically the skin between the toes and on the soles. "Tinea pedis" is the medical term for athlete's foot, with "tinea" meaning a fungal infection and "pedis" referring to the foot.
A: tinea capitis refers to a fungal infection of the scalp, not the feet.
B: tinea corporis refers to a fungal infection of the body, not specifically the feet.
C: tinea versicolor refers to a fungal infection that causes discoloration of the skin, not typically on the feet.
In summary, the other choices are incorrect because they refer to fungal infections affecting different parts of the body, whereas "tinea pedis" specifically refers to athlete's foot.
Which of the following has a contact route of transmission
- A. salmonellosis
- B. tularemia
- C. rubella
- D. HIV
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: HIV. HIV is transmitted through direct contact with certain body fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. This direct contact route of transmission makes it different from the other choices. Salmonellosis is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water (not direct contact). Tularemia is usually transmitted through insect bites or contact with infected animals. Rubella is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets. Therefore, HIV is the only option with a contact route of transmission.
The glycocalyx (slime), which is produced in some bacteria, is:
- A. Strongly bound to the cell wall
- B. Involved in the bacterial movement
- C. Weakly bound to the cell wall
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Weakly bound to the cell wall. The glycocalyx in bacteria is a protective layer that can be loosely attached to the cell wall or membrane. This loose attachment allows for flexibility and protection against desiccation and immune responses. Choice A is incorrect because the glycocalyx is not strongly bound to the cell wall, as it needs to be able to be shed easily for bacteria to escape host immune responses. Choice B is incorrect because the glycocalyx is not directly involved in bacterial movement, but rather serves as a protective barrier. Choice D is incorrect as the glycocalyx does play a role in bacterial physiology.
The cell organelles found only in algae and plant cells are:
- A. chloroplasts
- B. mitochondria
- C. vacuoles
- D. vesicles
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: chloroplasts. Algae and plant cells have chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis. This organelle contains chlorophyll, enabling these cells to convert sunlight into energy. Mitochondria (B) are found in all eukaryotic cells, not specific to algae and plants. Vacuoles (C) are present in plant cells but also in other eukaryotic cells. Vesicles (D) are membrane-bound sacs found in all types of cells for transport and storage purposes, not unique to algae and plants. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
In an urban settlement situated on the riverbank, an outbreak of hepatitis A was registered. The disease might have water origin. This assumption can be confirmed by growth of the following values of water quality:
- A. Number of coli-phages
- B. Escherichia coli index
- C. Oxidability
- D. Index of fecal coli-forms
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Index of fecal coli-forms. Fecal coli-forms are bacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including humans. Their presence in water indicates fecal contamination, which is a common source of hepatitis A transmission. Monitoring the index of fecal coli-forms can help identify potential sources of contamination and assess the risk of disease transmission.
A: Number of coli-phages - Coli-phages are viruses that infect coliform bacteria and are not directly related to fecal contamination.
B: Escherichia coli index - While E. coli is a type of coliform bacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, it alone may not be a reliable indicator of fecal contamination in water sources.
C: Oxidability - Oxidability is a measure of the water's ability to react with oxygen and does not provide direct information about fecal contamination or the presence of pathogens like hepatitis A.
In summary,