Nokea
Which of the following statements regarding weight regulation is FALSE?
- A. The reward system of weight regulation cannot override the signals from the homeostatic weight regulation circuitry
- B. Weight regain after weight loss is physiological and not necessarily due to a failure of conscious efforts to lose weight
- C. Liking and wanting of food are subconscious processes
- D. In human studies, functional MRI (fMRI) studies have shown overactivation of reward-encoding brain regions and/or deficiency in cortical inhibitory networks in obese people
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Reward can trump homeostatic signals dopamine's pull often beats leptin's brake, a false claim busted by obesity's hedonic drive. Regain's wired, liking/wanting's deep, fMRI shows reward overdrive, and corticolimbic rules non-homeostatic. Clinicians tackle this override, a chronic quirk in weight's tug-of-war.
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Which of the following statements is incorrect in describing the ADEC categorisation of drugs for Pregnancy?
- A. They are based on animal reproductive toxicology
- B. They are based on evidence available at the time of introduction of the drug
- C. The categorisations are revised as new evidence become available
- D. They are based on prospective studies
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: ADEC's pregnancy drug tags lean on animal data, initial evidence, and updates not prospective human studies, a gap. Animal tox sets baselines, launch data locks in, new proof shifts prospective's too slow. Pharmacists read this, a chronic caution grid.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with:
- A. Skeletal muscle dysfunction.
- B. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure of ≥ 25 mm Hg.
- C. Significant reversibility in airflow limitation with bronchodilator therapy.
- D. Depression.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: COPD is a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. Skeletal muscle dysfunction is a well-documented extrapulmonary manifestation due to systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and reduced physical activity, leading to muscle wasting and weakness. Elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure (≥ 25 mm Hg) defines pulmonary hypertension, which can occur secondary to COPD but is not a universal feature. Significant reversibility in airflow limitation is more typical of asthma, not COPD, where bronchodilator response is limited. The FEVâ‚/FVC ratio in COPD is typically <0.7, not >0.7, making that option incorrect. Depression is common in COPD patients due to chronic illness and reduced quality of life, but it's not a defining feature. Among these, skeletal muscle dysfunction is most consistently associated with COPD pathophysiology, reflecting its systemic impact beyond the lungs.
The Barker hypothesis describes the relationship between birth weight and the development of diseases. Question: Which relationship is correct?
- A. High birth weight is associated with a reduced risk of obesity, diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease at a later age
- B. High birth weight is associated with an increased risk of obesity, diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease at a later age
- C. Low birth weight is associated with a reduced risk of obesity, diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease at a later age
- D. Low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of obesity, diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease at a later age
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Barker's call low birth weight scars metabolism, upping later obesity, diabetes, heart woes. High weight leans risky too, but low's the proven chronic link nurses track this fetal echo.
Obesity is associated with an increased incidence of which of the following disorders?
- A. Dyslipidaemia
- B. Hypertension
- C. Cancer
- D. All disorders mentioned above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Obesity hauls dyslipidaemia, hypertension, cancer fat's a triple threat, no dodge. Nurses see this, a chronic disease bundle.
The nurse is caring for a client who was recently diagnosed with hemophilia. Which of the following laboratory tests is consistent with that diagnosis?
- A. Prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time
- B. Prolonged prothrombin time
- C. Decreased platelet count
- D. Decreased bleeding time
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hemophilia factor VIII or IX lack stretches aPTT, as intrinsic clotting lags, a lab fit for this X-linked bleed fest. PT stays normal extrinsic path's fine. Platelets don't drop; bleeding time's off-base. Nurses spot prolonged aPTT, confirming hemophilia's clotting chaos, guiding factor therapy in this bloody diagnosis.