Nokea
Which of the following structures in the cell is responsible for producing ATP?
- A. Ribosome
- B. Nucleus
- C. Mitochondria
- D. Endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Mitochondria. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell and are responsible for producing ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell through cellular respiration. Ribosomes (Choice A) are involved in protein synthesis, the nucleus (Choice B) stores genetic material and controls cell activities, and the endoplasmic reticulum (Choice D) plays a role in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and detoxification, but none of these structures are directly responsible for producing ATP.
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What is the main function of the nervous system?
- A. To fight infection
- B. To control body movement and coordination
- C. To regulate metabolism
- D. To transport oxygen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The main function of the nervous system is to control body movement and coordination by transmitting signals between different parts of the body. Choice A is incorrect because the immune system, not the nervous system, is primarily responsible for fighting infections. Choice C is incorrect as regulating metabolism is primarily handled by the endocrine system. Choice D is incorrect because the transportation of oxygen is mainly the function of the circulatory system, specifically the blood.
Which of the following hormones regulates calcium levels in the blood?
- A. Insulin
- B. Parathyroid hormone
- C. Thyroid hormone
- D. Glucagon
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium levels when they are too low. This hormone acts on the bones, kidneys, and intestines to ensure proper calcium balance in the body. Insulin (choice A) is involved in glucose metabolism, not calcium regulation. Thyroid hormone (choice C) primarily regulates metabolism, and while it indirectly influences calcium levels, it is not the primary regulator. Glucagon (choice D) is involved in increasing blood glucose levels, not calcium regulation.
Which of the following best describes the process of osmosis?
- A. Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient
- B. Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
- C. Movement of water and solutes together
- D. Movement of large molecules through a membrane
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Osmosis is the process where water moves across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. Choice A is incorrect because osmosis does not involve movement against the concentration gradient. Choice C is incorrect because osmosis primarily involves the movement of water, not water and solutes together. Choice D is incorrect as osmosis specifically refers to the movement of water molecules, not large molecules, through a membrane.
What is the maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after maximum inhalation?
- A. Tidal volume
- B. Total lung capacity
- C. Ventilation rate
- D. Vital capacity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Vital capacity. Vital capacity represents the maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. Tidal volume (Choice A) is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal breathing at rest and is not the maximum capacity. Total lung capacity (Choice B) refers to the maximum volume of air the lungs can accommodate including the residual volume, not just the expelled air. Ventilation rate (Choice C) is the rate at which air is moved in and out of the lungs, not the maximum volume of air that can be expelled.
Which part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?
- A. Left atrium
- B. Right atrium
- C. Left ventricle
- D. Right ventricle
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, the left atrium. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, which is then pumped into the left ventricle and out to the rest of the body. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the right ventricle to be pumped to the lungs for oxygenation. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not directly receive oxygenated blood from the lungs.