Nokea
Which type of joint connects the bones of the skull?
- A. Synovial
- B. Fibrous
- C. Cartilaginous
- D. Ball-and-socket
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Fibrous joints connect the bones of the skull. These joints are immovable or provide very limited movement, providing stability and protection to the brain. Synovial joints (Choice A) are found in the limbs and allow for a wide range of movements. Cartilaginous joints (Choice C) are connected by cartilage and allow limited movement. Ball-and-socket joints (Choice D) allow for a wide range of motion, such as the hip and shoulder joints, but they do not connect the bones of the skull.
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What is the maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after maximum inhalation?
- A. Tidal volume
- B. Total lung capacity
- C. Ventilation rate
- D. Vital capacity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Vital capacity. Vital capacity represents the maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. Tidal volume (Choice A) is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal breathing at rest and is not the maximum capacity. Total lung capacity (Choice B) refers to the maximum volume of air the lungs can accommodate including the residual volume, not just the expelled air. Ventilation rate (Choice C) is the rate at which air is moved in and out of the lungs, not the maximum volume of air that can be expelled.
Which term refers to the space where lymph flows through the body?
- A. Artery
- B. Lumen
- C. Interstitial space
- D. Vein
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Interstitial space. This term specifically refers to the area where lymph flows between tissues. Lymph does not flow through arteries (choice A) or veins (choice D) as these vessels carry blood. The term 'lumen' (choice B) refers to the inside space of a tubular structure, like a blood vessel, but it does not specifically denote the space where lymph flows through the body.
Which of the following hormones regulates calcium levels in the blood?
- A. Insulin
- B. Parathyroid hormone
- C. Thyroid hormone
- D. Glucagon
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium levels when they are too low. This hormone acts on the bones, kidneys, and intestines to ensure proper calcium balance in the body. Insulin (choice A) is involved in glucose metabolism, not calcium regulation. Thyroid hormone (choice C) primarily regulates metabolism, and while it indirectly influences calcium levels, it is not the primary regulator. Glucagon (choice D) is involved in increasing blood glucose levels, not calcium regulation.
Which part of the brain is responsible for higher brain functions, such as thought and action?
- A. Amygdala
- B. Brain stem
- C. Cerebellum
- D. Cerebrum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The cerebrum is the correct answer as it is responsible for higher brain functions like thought and action. The amygdala (Choice A) is involved in emotions and emotional responses, not higher brain functions. The brain stem (Choice B) controls basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate, not higher brain functions. The cerebellum (Choice C) is mainly responsible for motor control and coordination, not higher brain functions like thought and action.
Which concentration unit depends on pressure?
- A. ppm
- B. ppb
- C. molarity
- D. molarity, ppb, and ppm
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is 'C: molarity.' Molarity is the concentration unit that depends on pressure. In molarity, the concentration of a solution is expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. This means that changes in pressure can affect the volume of the solution and consequently the concentration. Choices A and B, ppm (parts per million) and ppb (parts per billion), respectively, are independent of pressure variations as they are based on mass ratios. Therefore, molarity is the only concentration unit listed that is directly influenced by changes in pressure.